Review: ‘The Alabama Solution,’ starring Robert Earl Council Jr., Melvin Ray, Sondra ‘Sandy’ Ray, Raoul Poole, Hank Sherrod and Steve Marshall

March 13, 2026

by Carla Hay

Robert Earl Council Jr. (also known as Kinetik Justice) in “The Alabama Solution” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“The Alabama Solution”

Directed by Andrew Jarecki and Charlotte Kaufman

Culture Representation: Filmed from 2019 to 2024, the true crime documentary film “The Alabama Solution” features an African American and white group of people talking about legal cases accusing the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) of corruption in Alabama men’s prisons.

Culture Clash: Among the allegations against ADOC are prisoners being assaulted and murdered by ADOC employees; bribery and threats to silence potential whistleblowers; unsafe and unsanitary conditions in prison; inadequate or neglectful medical care; and illegal slave labor.

Culture Audience: “The Alabama Solution” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in true crime documentaries about American prison systems.

Pictured in front row, at far left: Sondra “Sandy” Ray holding a photo of her deceased son Steven Davis in “The Alabama Solution” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“The Alabama Solution” is a disturbing exposé that shows examples of Alabama Department of Corrections corruption that has been detailed in numerous lawsuits. However, this documentary gets repetitive and ignores issues in women’s prisons. Despite these flaws, “The Alabama Solution” is very effective in how it brings into focus the humanity of the people who’ve been damaged or killed by this corruption, so that some of them just aren’t names in legal documents or news reports.

Directed and produced by Andrew Jarecki and Charlotte Kaufman, “The Alabama Solution” was filmed from 2019 to 2024 and had its world premiere at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival. The movie uses a combination of cell phone footage recorded by inmates in Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) prisons; archival news footage; and exclusive interviews conducted by “The Alabama Solution” filmmakers. The cell phone footage recorded from inside the prisons includes interviews with inmates, in addition to harrowing scenes of filthy living conditions, unattended prisoners in medical crises, and employee guard stations that have sleeping or missing employees. “The Alabama Solution” was nominated for Best Documentary Feature Film for the 2026 Academy Awards.

Why is Alabama singled out in this documentary? According to unsourced statistics in “The Alabama Solution,” Alabama state prisons have the highest drug overdose rate, the highest murder rate and the highest suicide rate in the United States. “The Alabama Solution” lists other alarming stastics as captions. But unfortunately, the documentary doesn’t list the information sources for any these statistics. The documentary’s lack of named and verifiable sources when listing statistic information is an omission that lowers the journalistic quality of this documentary.

Where “The Alabama Solution” excels the most is in first-person testimonials and interviews with some ADOC inmates and their loved ones. The documentary has interviews with ADOC inmates Robert Earl Council Jr. (also known as Kinetik Justice), Melvin Ray, Raul Poole, James Sales, as well as other incarcerated men who chose not to be identified by their names. By the end of this documentary, one of these men has died in prison under suspicious circumstances. Another man became a victim of a brutal beating that he says was done by ADOC employees, and the assault was so severe, the injuries caused him to lose an eye. This review of “The Alabama Solution” won’t reveal which of these men had these tragic experiences, in case viewers want to find out by watching the documentary.

Most of these inmates appear on camera for these interviews, which were done on cell phones that the men smuggled into prison. A few of the men opted not to have their faces shown on camera, but their voices are undisguised. A caption near the beginning of the documentary says, “Alabama’s state prisons are operating at nearly 200% of their intended capacity, with one-third of the required staff. In this environment, use of contraband cell phones has proliferated.”

According to what people say in the documentary’s interviews, prisoners risk getting caught having these prohibited cell phones because they think it’s more important to have these cell phones as protection to record evidence of all the crimes that are being committed in the ADOC system. This video evidence can be uploaded or sent to people and places for safekeeping. Based on what’s described in this documentary, there’s no shortage of crimes that can be filmed in these prisons and many other prisons.

The crimes that are the focus of this documentary are those commited by ADOC employees against the prisoners. These crimes include murder, assault, bribery and other illegal coercion, deprivation or neglect of medical care, and illegal slave labor. Lawsuits have been filed against ADOC, individual Alabama prisons and/or individual ADOC employees for these allegations. Most of these lawsuits are settled out of court or dismissed.

The prisoners and their loved ones who have been active in seeking justice for these types of crimes describe being ignored, gaslighted and/or threatened by Alabama officials, in a system that is set up to hide corruption and crimes committed by ADOC employees against prisoners. The prisoners who are whistleblowers usually risk retaliatory punishments that result in ADOC employees inflicting, false accusations, solitary confinement, beatings, torture, or death, according to the interviews. Those who participate in the crime cover-ups are often rewarded, according to lawsuits against ADOC.

“The Alabama Solution” examines the case of 35-year-old Steven Davis, an inmate who was killed by being beaten to death in 2019 at William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility in Bessemer, Alabama. ADOC employee Roderick “Big G” Gadson was named as the chief culprit of this fatal beating. However, Gadson claimed self-defense because he and other ADOC employee witnesses claimed that Davis was attacking them with makeshift blades as weapons.

The documentary chronicles much of this investigation on camera, from the moment the the filmmakers heard an inmate give a phone tip saying that Davis’ death was murder. “The Alabama Solution” shows the trip to Birmingham to UAB Hospital’s intensive care unit, where Davis died and his body is seen covered with a bed sheet. Davis’ mother Sondra “Sandy” Ray (no relation to Melvin Ray) and Davis’ brother Brandon are interviewed in the documentary. They are seen grieving with other family members.

Sandy Ray is the family member who is featured the most. She expresses her frustration about trying to find out how and why Davis died and not getting her phone calls returned by the William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility’s warden. Brandon says he took a photo of Davis’ body in the hospital because he wasn’t sure if the family would get the body returned to them. “I wanted to take a photo as evidence,” he comments.

Sensitive viewers should be warned: The photo is shown in the documentary. And it’s heartbreaking. Sandy Ray comments in the documentary on how this photo affects all the good memories and images she has of her slain son: “That picture of what they done to him overrides all the good.”

The family hears the “official” cause of Davis’ death (killing done in self-defense) when it’s reported on the news. The inmate who called in the tip about the death being murder wanted to remain anonymous and said that several other prisoners witnessed an ADOC officer stomp on Davis’ head repeatedly during the assault while Davis was unarmed. The tipster didn’t want to name the officer, but he advised Davis’ family to get an attorney to investigate.

And that’s exactly what happened. The documentary shows civil rights trial lawyer Hank Sherrod, who was hired to represent Sandy and her family, making phone calls to several William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility inmates to interview them under attorney confidentiality, although the inmates on the phone knew they were being filmed for a documentary. Some of the men who are contacted immediately deny knowing what happened, or they say they know what happened but don’t want talk about it. One of the men says an ADOC officer is in the room while he talks to Sherrod, even though Sherrod says that it’s the law in Alabama for a prisoner to be entitled to have no one else in a room when talking to an attorney.

A break in the investigation comes when an inmate (whose identity is withheld from the documentary) names Gadson as the killer and says other ADOC officers actively covered up the crime, by making the inmates do things such as clean up the blood before official investigators arrived, and offering special privileges to inmate witnesses who would claim they saw nothing. This inmate witness also said that Davis had a bladed weapon, but Davis never used it or showed it in a threatening manner during this incident that led to Davis’ death. According to this witness, the weapon was about 15 feet away and on the floor when Gadson was assaulting Davis. Gadson “unmercifully beat the guy [Davis] to death,” the inmate witness says during the interview.

The documentary shows Davis’ cellmate Sales telling a different story in his phone conversation with Sherrod. Sales’ version is that Davis had weapons tied to bedsheets, and Gadson was only trying to help Davis when Davis attacked Gadson. In the phone interview, where Sales appears undisguised on camera, Sales hesitates when Sherrod asks him for more details on what Davis was doing that would warrant this type of beating.

However, Sales is able to confidently give details about the ADOC policy that allows employees to use force in self-defense against an attacking inmate. Sales’ way of speaking changes when he recites this information, giving the impression that he was fed this information and memorized it. Sales also admits that he is due for an upcoming release from prison and doesn’t want to do anything to jeopardize this release. However, Sales promises Sherrod that after Sales is released from prison, he will personally tell Davis’ mother the entire story.

An unidentified inmate who gives a phone interview for the documentary says that Gadson is part of a William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility employee group known in the prison as the Wrecking Crew because they’re “addicted” to inflicting brutal abuse on the inmates. The other alleged members of the Wrecking Crew are not named in the documentary, which could’ve dug deeper into the reportedly large network of abusers in the ADOC. “The Alabama Solution” makes Gadson look like the main villain, when there are obviously many more who are like Gadson or worse.

The documentary does not interview Gadson, but he is seen in videoclips from a recorded deposition in one of the many lawsuits that have been filed against him. In this deposition, which is for a lawsuit that’s separate from the Davis case, Gadson is arrogant and flippant when an unseen and unidentified attorney asks him why Gadson has been sued several times for assault and other abuse of prisoners. Gadson admits to using force on the job, but he denies that the force was excessive.

In 2020, Sandy Ray sued Gadson and ADOC for wrongful death in the killing of Davis. The case was settled out of court in 2024. According to Alabama news website AL.com and other news sources, Sandy received a $250,000 settlement payment, and the state of Alabama had $393,000 in legal fees for this lawsuit. These financial amounts are legally part of public records for the state of Alabama.

An even bigger lawsuit against ADOC was filed in 2020 by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), based on a DOJ investigation that began in 2016. The lawsuit alleges numerous ADOC crimes, as described the documentary and in this review. Alabama state officials, such as governor Kay Ivey (whose second and final term ends in 2026) and district attorney Steve Marshall have pushed back by saying the federal government should not get involved in Alabama state matters that need an “Alabama solution.” At the time “The Alabama Solution” documentary was released, the DOJ lawsuit was still pending and is expected to drag on for years.

Council and Melvin Ray co-founded Free Alabama Movement, an activist group aimed at advocating for civil rights of incarcerated people in the ADOC. They both say they have experienced abuse and retaliation (including solitary confinement) from ADOC employees who want to silence them and stop them in their Free Alabama Movement activities. In the documentary, Council says the system wants inmates to be ignorant of their rights and to fight each other inmates because it’s a “divide and conquer” strategy.

The purpose of the Free Alabama Movement, he says, is to unite inmates, educate inmates of their rights, and give legal assistance or resources. Free Alabama Movement has successfully led prisoner boycotts of work that’s considered slave labor, but these boycotts are temporary interruptions to much bigger problems. One of the biggest obstacles that prisoners face is the very nature of being in prison means that people will have varying degrees of opinions on what “punishment” should look like. However, “punishment” in the United States should not mean taking away basic civil rights that people are entitled to under the U.S. Constitution and in state laws.

Ostensibly, the Free Alabama Movement sounds like it’s for all Alabama prisoners who need help with civil rights issues. However, the Free Alabama Movement (just like this documentary) seems to be all about male prisoners and definitely makes it look like the needs of male prisoners are more important than the needs of any other prisoners. It’s a huge blind spot that blatantly excludes the fact that female prisoners have similar problems wherever they are incarcerated. “The Alabama Solution” also has no mention of prisoners who aren’t cisgender, such as transgender people or non-binary people, whose gender identities make them even more vulnerable to abuse in prison systems.

It doesn’t seem as if anyone who made this documentary asked Council, Melvin Ray or anyone in the Free Alabama Movement why this advocacy group gives preference to cisgender men. This bias is a form of gender discrimination for issues that affect prisoners of any gender identity. “The Alabama Solution” also refuses to acknowledge the harsh reality of racial inequalities in the U.S. criminal justice system. Any documentary about an American prison system cannot be considered truly comprehensive unless these racial inequalities are examined.

Other people interviewed in the documentary include former corrections Quante Cockrell and Stacy George, who give brief comments that don’t reveal anything surprising when they say that a lot of prison employees can be violent bullies. Alabama attorney general Marshall is also interviewed, but his comments sound like pre-rehearsed public relations statements that sidestep or deny the serious allegations in the DOJ lawsuit. Council’s daughter Catrice and his father Robert Earl Council Sr. are shown briefly making comments about the injustices that they say Robert Council Jr. experiences in prison.

“The Alabama Solution” does not try to garner sympathy for the reasons why these men are in prison. Instead, the documentary is aimed at holding people accountable for committing crimes against these prisoners and exposing a system that does more harm than good in rehabilitating those who are incarcerated. And what does it say about a prison system when hardcore inmates are afraid of getting murdered by the prison employees?

Council Jr. is the only prisoner in the documentary who’s willing to talk openly about why he’s incarcerated. He was sentenced to life in prison for murder. Council Jr. says when he was a young man, he was a drug dealer who shot a man whom he says was high on crack cocaine and was allegedly trying to run down Council Jr. with a car. Council Jr. also admits he sold drugs while in prison, but he makes the excuse that it was mainly to pay for child support.

“The Alabama Solution” is an intentionally ironic title because by the end of the documentary, it’s made woefully clear that there is no solution in sight to the massive problems in the ADOC (and other similar prison systems) because too many people have financial stakes in making sure those problems continue to thrive. The documentary includes archival commentary from radio station call-in listeners who have an attitude that every prison inmate needs to rot and suffer in a personal hell. It’s an attitude that is reflected in how numerous powerful officials want prison systems to be operated. And it’s an attitude that’s not going away anytime soon.

HBO released “The Alabama Solution” in select U.S. cinemas on October 3, 2025. HBO premiered the movie on October 10, 2025.

Review: ‘Murder in Glitterball City,’ starring David Dominé, Ryane Conroy, Donny Burbrink, Erika Hart, Kevin Asher, Darren Wolff and Steve Romines

February 22, 2026

by Carla Hay

A December 2009 photo of Jeffrey Mundt and Joey Banis in “Murder in Glitterball City” (Photo courtesy of World of Wonder Productions/HBO)

“Murder in Glitterball City”

Directed by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato

Culture Representation: The two-episode documentary series “Murder in Glitterball City” (based on the true crime book “A Dark Room in Glitter Ball City: Murder Secrets and Scandal in Old Louisville”) features a predominantly white group of people (with a few African Americans) who talk about the Kentucky city of Louisville and the case of gay lovers/Louisville residents Joseph “Joey” Banis and Jeffrey “Jase” Mundt, who separately went on trial for the 2009 murder of 37-year-old James “Jamie” Carroll, who was the couple’s drug dealer and sex partner in a three-way sexual relationship.

Culture Clash: Banis (a repeat convicted felon) and Mundt (a technology consultant who had no prior criminal convictions) blamed each other for the murder, which happened in the couple’s house, and they both admitted the murder happened when they were in the midst of a methamphetamine binge.

Culture Audience: “Murder in Glitterball City” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in true crime documentaries that are about sex, drugs, murder and gay culture.

David Dominé in “Murder in Glitterball City” (Photo courtesy of World of Wonder Productions/HBO)

“Murder in Glitterball City” is a mixed-bag true crime documentary whose eagerness to have a variety of people interviewed results in some irrelevant interviews, for the sake of showing quirky personalities. The 2009 murder of Jamie Carroll almost gets overshadowed by Louisville lore. Despite the flaws in this two-part docuseries, “Murder in Glitterball City” tells a riveting story and a cautionary tale about a notorious murder case where many people believe justice was not fully served.

Directed by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato, “Murder in Glitterball City” is based on David Dominé’s 2021 true crime book “A Dark Room in Glitter Ball City: Murder, Secrets, and Scandal in Old Louisville.” Dominé, who also works as a Louisville tour guide, is one of the people interviewed in the documentary. According to Dominé, Glitter Ball City is a little-known nickname for Louisville, which was known for being one of the top cities to make glitter balls.

It seems like Bailey and Barbato’s intent is for “Murder in Glitterball City” to be like a documentary version of Dominé’s book about this murder case. However, some elements that might work just fine in a book format don’t work as well in this documentary, such as dramatic descriptions of local members of the community who weren’t involved in the story’s central crime case, a history of the city’s real-estate developments, and tales of paranormal sightings by the local residents. It’s fine for a documentary to give some context and information about the city or community where a crime takes place, but “Murder in Glitterball City” goes overboard with this concept in several parts of the documentary.

“A Dark Room in Glitter Ball City: Murder, Secrets, and Scandal in Old Louisville” has been described as trying to imitate the style of John Berendt’s 1994 book “Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil,” which mixes true crime and fictional embellishments about the case of Savannah, Georgia-based antiques dealer Jim Williams and his multiple trials for the murder of male prostitute Danny Hansford. “Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil” has so many fictional additions to the story, the book is often listed as a novel. One of the characteristics of both books is how the authors tried to make the cities in which the crimes took place to be almost like another story character, with each city filled with eccentric personalities.

“Murder in Glitterball City” is so intent on emulating the storytelling style of “A Dark Room in Glitter Ball City: Murder, Secrets, and Scandal in Old Louisville,” several of the documentary’s interviewees read aloud excerpts from the book, especially if they’re reading a passage from the book that describes themselves. In addition, “Murder in Glitterball City” has a narrator (actor Mick Wingert) reading excerpts in off-camera voiceover narration.

Barbato and Bailey are not new to documentary filmmaking. Among the numerous previous documentaries that they co-directed include 2000’s “The Eyes of Tammy Faye” (about Tammy Faye Bakker), 2016’s “Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures” (about artist/photographer Robert Mapplethorpe) and 2021’s “Catch and Kill: The Podcast Tapes” (about Ronan Farrow’s investigation of disgraced entertainment mogul Harvey Weinstein). However, Barbato and Baily (who are co-founders of the production company World of Wonder) are best known for their work in reality TV, with the Emmy-winning franchise of “RuPaul’s Drag Race” as their biggest success. At times, “Murder in Glitterball City” is filmed and edited like a reality show.

Part 1 of “Murder in Glitterball City” gives background information about the case against repeat convicted felon Joseph “Joey” Banis and technology consultant Jeffrey “Jase” Mundt, who separately went on trial for the December 2009 murder of 37-year-old James “Jamie” Carroll, who was stabbed and shot to death in the 8,000-square-foot Louisville house of gay couple Banis and Mundt. Banis and Mundt were 38 at the time of the murder. Part 2 of “Murder in Glitterball City” chronicles the high-profile 2013 trials of Banis and Mundt and each trial’s outcome. Part 2 also includes some previously unreleased recordings that Banis and Mundt did in the weeks before they were arrested.

Because this murder case received an enormous amount of media coverage, it’s already a well-known fact that Banis was found guilty of the murder of Carroll and was sentenced to life in prison, with the possibility of parole. Mundt was found not guilty of murder, but he was found guilty of evidence tampering and theft. Mundt received an eight-year prison sentence, he was released after serving four years of that sentence, and he has dropped off the public radar.

The documentary includes audio clips of phone interviews that Banis did from prison with the “Murder in Glitterball City” documentarians in 2022 and 2024. Banis still maintains that he was a bystander who watched Mundt murder Carroll. In the 2024 interview, Banis adds another detail that was not brought up in either trial. Banis now says he was tied up like a captive while Mundt murdered Carroll. Because Banis can’t prove it, it’s highly unlikely this statement will help Banis get a new trial. All of Banis’ appeals for a new trial have been denied so far.

The end of the documentary says that Mundt could not be reached for comment. Mundt’s current whereabouts have been publicly unknown for years, although Ted Shouse, one of his former attorneys who’s interviewed in the documentary, seems to know where Mundt is but won’t say what he knows about Mundt’s whereabouts. The documentary includes a short archival audio interview with Mundt, although the documentary does not mention the year that this interview took place.

No one from the families of Carroll, Mundt and Banis are interviewed in the documentary. However, some of the friends and former work associates of Carroll, Mundt and Banis are interviewed. In addition, the documentary has interviews with several people who were involved in the investigation and the trials, such as Louisville police officials, the prosecutors and defense attorneys.

“Murder in Glitterball City” lays out the basic facts of the case in a roundabout way. Viewers will have to wade through a lot of extraneous stories from Louisville locals who aren’t directly related to this murder case. After a while, these stories become a little irritating and distracting, but not so distracting for “Murder in Glitterball City” to go completely off the rails.

Mundt, a Louisville native, lived for a number of years in Chicago as an adult. In 2009, after a breakup with a boyfriend who is not named in this documentary, Mundt relocated from Chicago and moved back to Louisville. He worked as a technology consultant for the University of Louisville. Mundt bought a fixer-upper 8,000-square-foot Victorian house in Louisville’s historical St. James-Belgravia District (specifcally in the Belgravia Court area), with plans to turn the house into a bed-and-breakfast inn.

And so, the documentary has lengthy descriptions of the history of Belgravia Court and how it became an attractive residential location for gay men who renovated many of the old houses there. Interviewees giving this type of commentary include residential real estate agent Deborah Stewart, architectural historian Debra Richards Harlan, Louisville tour guide Angelique X Stacy, singer Maria Eckerle, preservation architect Kurtis Hord, and openly gay Louisville residents Bill Gilbert and Dale Strange.

Carroll was openly gay and had a drag queen alter ego named Ronica Reed. And so, there are long segments about the drag queen/gay nightclub scene in Louisville. Interviewees include drag queens Mykul Valentine and Hurricane Summers; Casey Leek, a former manager of gay nightclub Starbase Q; Banis’ ex-boyfriend Kevin Asher; and Banis’ friend Daniel Cissel, who says he had a fling with Mundt.

Cissel says he always felt uneasy about Mundt and decided to no longer be his sex partner. Cissel also mentions that before Cissell knew that Carroll had been murdered, Mundt tried to give some of Carroll’s clothes to Cissell, but Cissell declined the offer because the clothes were too big for Cissell. In the documentary, Cissell says it still upsets him to think about how cold-blooded Mundt must have been to want to give Cissell the clothes of a man whom Mundt knew was murdered and buried in the basement of Mundt’s house.

Cissel and other people in the documentary describe Banis (who often wore his hair styled in a Mohawk) as heavily addicted to meth and having a “bad boy” persona. Banis had mood swings where he would be quiet and introverted, but he would become an aggressive loudmouth when under the influence of meth. He also had a charismatic side that persuaded people to enable him.

Banis was a Starbase Q bartender sometime between 2004 to 2006. Leek describes Banis as having a dual personality and being a “compulsive cleaner,” which Leek says was probably due to Banis’ meth addiction. Leek says Banis was probably the thief who “cleaned out” the club, by stealing liquor, stereo speakers, cash from the club’s ATM, valuables from a safe and other items from Starbase Q around the same time that Banis quit the job. In the documentary, Summers confirms seeing Banis stealing liquor from the club, and Banis admitted to Summers that he was stealing the liquor to use it for another club.

After quitting Starbase Q, Banis had a short-lived gay/lesbian nightclub called Glow, which opened in December 2006. Leek comments that he saw Starbase Q’s stolen speakers at Glow. Leek says his Starbase Q boss reported the theft to police, who said that police were investigating but waiting to catch Banis on drug-related crimes and other thefts. Cissel says he worked for a time at Glow and remembers Banis as a “nice boss” who was very generous with sharing drugs but wasn’t great about paying employees on time.

In the documentary, Leek wonders how Banis was able to get a liquor license for Glow when convicted felons aren’t allowed liquor licenses in Kentucky. The documentary doesn’t answer that question. However, it’s mentioned in the documentary that Banis’ father is a prominent surgeon, and Banis grew up in a fairly affluent family in Louisville.

Banis’ ex-boyfriend Asher says that he and Banis dated each other for a number of years, beginning in their teens, when they both still lived with their respective parents. Asher and Banis eventually moved in together. Asher mentions that Banis told him about having a criminal record, but Asher was willing to look past it because he thought Banis was willing to stay out of trouble.

Asher said he broke up with Banis after a violent incident when they took LSD together. Banis got into an argument with Asher, slashed Asher’s arm with cut glass, and said, “See what you made me do.” Banis was arrested for this assault, but the documentary doesn’t mention what the legal outcome of the arrest was. Asher gets visibly upset and emotional when he makes this comment about Banis and the aftermath of the arrest: “I get him kicked out [of their shared home], and that fucker moved in next door. It was scary.”

In October 2009, Banis met Mundt on the gay dating website Adam4Adam and moved in with Mundt within a few weeks after they met. Banis says he was surprised that Mundt wanted to get involved with Banis, who was up front in telling Mundt about Banis being HIV+ and a convicted felon. By the time this toxic couple met, Banis had several felony convictions for drug possession, theft and other crimes. By contrast, Mundt did not have a criminal record and was known to have a “preppy” clean-cut image. Mundt says in the documentary’s archival interview that he was attracted to Banis because Banis was the opposite of him.

However, Mundt wasn’t as “clean-cut” as he appeared to be. Two of his former friends whom he knew in Chicago—Linda Krauth and Megan Albritton—talk about noticing him being erratic and often sniffling, which are two telltale signs that someone might have a drug problem. Krauth and Albritton say that Mundt cut off contact with them not long after he got out of prison, and they have no idea where he is.

Becky Shaw—who worked with Mundt when he was her supervisor as a Northwestern University project director—also saw a suspicious side to Mundt. Shaw says that Mundt spoke with a fake British accent because he told her that sounding British would get him more respect. Shaw describes him as very nitpicky and someone who always thought he was the smartest person in the room.

Shaw also remembers an incident when she accidentally locked her laptop in a desk, and Mundt told her he knew how to fix the problem. He took her to a store that sold bolt cutters and told her he had experience using bolt cutters because he used to steal bicycles when he was a student at Northwestern. Later, Mundt suggested but didn’t tell Shaw directly that she should get work reimbursement for the bolt cutters by pretending it was something else on her expense report.

Mundt’s habit of dishonesty also seemed to extend to what he told Banis, who says that Mundt repeatedly told stories about being formerly employed by the National Security Agency and still having connections to U.S. intelligence services. In one of Mundt’s meth-fueled ramblings that’s heard as an audio recording in the documentary, he mentions having an injury from his government security work in Bratislava, Slovakia. There has never been any proof that Mundt used to do this type of work.

Whatever Mundt’s drug habits were before he met Banis, there’s no doubt that they were both addicted to meth when they were a couple. They also obsessively documented their relationship through video and audio recordings. One of these videos became key evidence in the murder case. According to the documentary, there are hundreds of thousands of digital files of these recordings that were not processed by the Louisville Metropolitan Police Department because, at the time, the police department only had Windows PC computers, and the files were only compatible on Mac computers.

Carroll was also addicted to meth and had an addiction to crack cocaine, according to Carroll’s friends Erika Hart, Mick Bryant and Bryant’s mother Michelle Schiffer, who are all interviewed in the documentary and say that they were Carroll’s drug buddies. Bryant is the only one of these three who says in the documentary that he’s now clean and sober. They all describe Carroll as being very open and proud about being gay and a drag queen.

Hart says of Carroll: “Jamie did whatever the hell suited him. He would wear high heels to the grocery store in Pineville [a small city in Kentucky]. You just don’t do that. It’s country [rural and conservative]. Have you been? Don’t go when the banjos get louder.”

Carroll was also a drug dealer and sex partner for Mundt and Banis, who were heavily into BDSM, an acronym for bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism. The “d” in BDSM can also mean dominance, and the “s” can also mean submission. Carroll met Banis through an online website for gay male hookups and started a casual sex relationship with him. After Banis and Mundt became a couple, Carroll was invited to have three-way sex with Banis and Mundt.

The documentary includes details of Mundt placing BDSM ads for sex partners in threesomes or other group sex scenarios. In these ads, Mundt described himself as obsessed with rubber clothes and role-playing violent scenarios (including asphyxiation) as a dominant. By all accounts, the three-way sexual relationship between Banis, Mundt and Carroll was consensual.

Carroll also had a history of several arrests (mostly for drug-related crimes), but the documentary doesn’t discuss those crimes at length, perhaps because the documentarians did not want to make it look like they are shaming the victim. Instead, the documentary has a brief flash of Carroll’s arrest rap sheet. Carroll’s friends and acquaintances describe him as a bubbly and friendly person whose life went downhill when he became addicted to drugs.

Jodi Ritchie was Carroll’s childhood friend in their hometown of Martin, Kentucky, an economically depressed small town. She says she had an adolescent crush on Caroll, and she remembers that Carroll taught her how to French kiss, even though she found out later that he was openly gay. Ritchie says that for a while, teenage Carroll lived at their high school because he was kicked out of his home for being gay. She also describes hearing about teenage Carroll being in a hospital because Carroll’s father had almost beaten him to death.

Diana Owens Shaggs was Carroll’s instructor at the Carl Perkins Beauty School in Paintsville, Kentucky, in 1995. Owens Shaggs remembers Carroll as having a passion for hairstyling and being enthusiastic about opening his own beauty salon. Carroll fulfilled that ambition and owned a beauty salon called Illusions. But by the time Carroll got involved Mundt and Banis, Carroll had already lost his business and his home because of Carroll’s drug addiction.

The story of why Mundt and Banis got arrested for Carroll’s murder is bizarre and one of the reasons why this murder case got a lot of publicity. In the early-morning hours of June 17, 2010, Mundt frantically called 911 to report that Banis (whom he described as his “ex-boyfriend”) was breaking into the house and was intent on attacking Mundt. Police quickly arrived and arrested Banis.

Banis and Mundt were taken to the Louisville Metro Police Department for questioning. Banis denied the break-in and claimed he was being set up by Mundt because Mundt wanted Banis out of the house. By sheer coincidence, this interrogation was being filmed for the reality/documentary TV series “The First 48,” a true crime show that films police investigators at work. Mundt offered to take a polygraph test, while Banis refused.

Banis then dropped a bombshell when he made this confession during the police interrogation: According to Banis, Mundt murdered Carroll in December 2009, and Carroll’s body was buried in the basement of the house. Police obtained a search warrant to dig in the basement. Later that day, police found the body of Carroll in a plastic storage bin that was buried about five feet below the basement floor. Banis and Mundt were arrested and charged with first-degree murder, theft and tampering with evidence.

From the start, Banis and Mundt blamed each other for being the “real murderer,” but both admitted to participating in covering up the crime, under threat of being killed by the “real murderer.” Banis and Mundt accused each other of being the mastermind/controller in the relationship. Banis and Mundt both claimed in their statements to law enforcement that the murder of Carroll was not pre-meditated.

When they went on trial, Banis and Mundt testified against each other. Banis (whose trial took place before Mundt’s trial) did not testify in his own defense. The documentary includes courtroom footage from the trials and does a good job of showing through split screens how this former couple’s testimony against each other is eerily similar.

However, the documentary points out one big discrepancy in the courtroom testimony: Mundt said that Banis slashed Carroll’s throat, but the medical examiner’s report showed that Carroll was actually stabbed in the neck several times, which matches Banis’ description of Mundt murdering Carroll. Even if Banis is telling the truth about the fatal neck wounds on Carroll, it still doesn’t exclude Banis from being a participant in the stabbing and/or shooting of Carroll.

The most controversial evidence in the case is a “confession” video where Banis claimed to be suicidal, Banis said he “killed someone,” and he was holding Mundt hostage. Banis turned the camera to show a seemingly unconscious Mundt on a bed behind Banis. However, a few minutes before this “confession,” Mundt is shown writing the “confession” script on a laptop and coaching Banis on what to say.

To show further proof that Mundt was the mastermind/controlling person in the relationship, the prosecution submitted a BDSM sex video as evidence during Mundt’s trial. In the self-made video (which Mundt and Banis recorded after the murder), Mundt and Banis are having sex, with Mundt being the dominant partner giving the orders. The video was considered the tawdriest part of the trial.

Prosecutors say that Banis and Mundt both participated in Carroll’s murder, and the motive for the murder was Banis and Mundt wanted to get a thrill from killing a human being. However, the jury in Mundt’s trial disagreed and found him not guilty of murder. Several people in the documentary say they believe that Mundt got away with murder.

The editing for “Murder in Glitterball City” jumps around a lot in the story’s timeline. It isn’t until toward the end of the Part 2 episode, after the trial outcomes are discussed, that the documentary mentions that two months before Banis and Mundt were arrested for murder in Louisville, they had been arrested in Chicago for other crimes. Mundt had lost his job, and the couple had been counterfeiting money and were arrested for it. This information should’ve been mentioned earlier in the documentary.

This Chicago arrest occurred in April 2010, when Mundt and Banis were caught leaving a counterfeit $100 bill as a tip for a hotel employee. Chicago police soon found Mundt and Banis in possession of $50,000 in counterfeit American cash, as well as weapons and fake IDs. In a prison interview, Banis says that he and Mundt were desperate for money and had planned to use the counterfeit cash to “get real money.” They chose Chicago for this scam because of Mundt’s familiarity with the city.

In one of his interviews from prison, Banis says that he and Mundt decided that Banis would take the blame for all these arrest charges in Chicago, because Mundt would be the more likely person to get the $20,000 that was needed to bail Banis out of jail. The plan worked, because the charges were dropped against Mundt, who got the bail money for Banis. Banis was out on bail for these Chicago arrest charges when he and Mundt were arrested in Louisville for Carroll’s murder.

The most time-wasting parts of the documentary are when certain Louisville residents are shown doing shameless self-promotion that has nothing to do with this murder case. A flamboyant married couple named John Tan and Missy Tan, who own a Louisville jewelry store called Little John’s Derby Jewelry (or Little John’s for short), are featured for too much screen time in this documentary, as they talk about their jewelry business, show the guns they keep in the shop, and brag about how popular their TV ads are. The spouses are also shown filming one of these commercials, with Missy as the director. Even the security guard for Little John’s (an off-duty police officer named Greg Terry) is interviewed in the documentary.

Why are the Tans and their jewelry store business in so much of this documentary? Because “A Dark Room in Glitter Ball City” author Dominé says that he was watching a Little John’s ad on TV when he saw the breaking news about Banis and Mundt being arrested. Dominé also claims that he had a brief non-verbal encounter with Mundt about 18 months before the arrest, when Mundt abruptly brushed past him during a realtor tour of the house that Mundt ended up buying. Dominé says he remembers that Mundt didn’t say, “Excuse me,” after making this unwanted body contact. It’s certainly debatable if those stories are true.

“Murder in Glitterball City” also goes on a tacky tangent when the documentary shows people babbling on about what they believe are haunted houses in Louisville, including the house where Carroll was murdered. Louisville paranormal tour guide Stacy is shown doing one of her tours with customers. It leads to another segment showing Stacy, who lives across the street from this house, talking about being certain that she’s seen the ghost of Carroll walking in the house several times from her bathroom window. Another segment in “Murder in Glitterball City” shows Dominé participating in his annual Victorian Ghost Walk event in Louisville. “Murder in Glitterball City” viewers might be wondering at this point: “Is this a true crime documentary or a paranormal reality show?”

Fortunately, “Murder in Glitterball City” comes back to the facts of this case in the documentary’s interviews with the law enforcement officials who were involved in this case. These interviewees include Louisville Metro Police Department head of homicide Donny Burbrink, Louisville Metro Police Department detective Collin King and Jefferson County sheriff deputy Michael Brown. Louisville Metro Police Department detective Jon Lesher, who died in 2018, can be heard in an archival audio interview.

Also interviewed are prosecutors Ryane Conroy and Josh Schneider; Banis’ defense attorneys Justin Brown and Darren Wolff; and Mundt’s defense attorneys Steve Romines and Shouse. In the documentary, Wolff does a lot more talking than Brown, while Romines is more talkative than Shouse. Other people interviewed in the documentary are Staci Huber, who was a juror in Banis’ murder trial; WLKY-TV reporter Marissa Alter; Courier Journal reporter Jason Riley; writer Kim Crum; mitigation specialist LeTonia Jones, who testified for the defense in Mundt’s trial; and contractor Kenny Robertson.

Robertson says Banis that contacted him sometime before June 2010 to get an estimate on what it would cost to cover the house’s first floor with concrete. Robertson he got a weird feeling about this consultation because the basement smelled horrible, and Banis refused to go in the room. Ultimately, Robertson decided not to do the job. Banis and Mundt were arrested not long after this consultation.

“Murder in Glitterball City” has some unanswered questions about Mundt and why he was acquitted of murder. But without insights from any jurors from that trial, the documentary does not answer those questions. Banis’ murder trial juror Huber describes herself as a “true crime junkie” who followed this case closely, and she says she’s still shocked and outraged that Mundt was acquitted of murder. If another documentary is made about this case, maybe it will focus more on getting answers to unanswered questions about the case instead of cluttering up the documentary with off-topic commentary from people who weren’t involved in the case.

HBO premiered “Murder in Glitterball City” on February 19, 2026.

Review: ‘Surviving Ohio State,’ starring Dan Ritchie, Mike Schyck, Mark Coleman, Al Novakowski, Mike DiSabato, Adam DiSabato, Colleen Marshall and Ilann Maazel

July 7, 2025

by Carla Hay

Dan Ritchie in “Surviving Ohio State” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“Surviving Ohio State”

Directed by Eva Orner

Culture Representation: The documentary film “Surviving Ohio State” features a predominantly white group of people (with one African American) who are connected in some way to the accusations and lawsuits against Ohio University that allege that the university covered up decades of student sexual abuse by a doctor employed by the university.

Culture Clash: Some of the estimated thousands of survivors of Dr. Richard Strauss (who committed suicide in 2005) have come forward with harrowing stories of university officials not doing anything when they heard complaints that Strauss was a sexual predator who targeted male students for sexual assaults.

Culture Audience: “Surviving Ohio State” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in documentaries about getting justice for sex crimes that were enabled and covered by well-known institutions.

Mike Schyck in “Surviving Ohio State” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“Surviving Ohio State” (about Ohio State University’s responsibilities in an employee’s longtime sexual abuse of students) makes a clear and convincing case that enabling and covering up crimes are just as heinous as the crimes themselves. This powerful documentary doesn’t uncover a lot of new information but it has interviews with the people who matter the most: the survivors. Because there was ongoing litigation against Ohio State University (which is based in the city of Columbus) at the time this documentary was released, officials who have been named as enablers declined to comment for the documentary. But even if there hadn’t been litigation, it’s easy to see why these accused enablers won’t publicly comment for a documentary because of all the damning evidence that has already been presented.

Directed by Eva Orner, “Surviving Ohio State” had its world premiere at the 2025 Tribeca Festival. The movie chronicles the sexual abuse accusations about Dr. Richard Strauss, who was employed by Ohio State University (OSU) from 1978 to 1998, the year that he retired from OSU. Strauss was a medical doctor at OSU’s Athletic Department and at the Student Health Center for most of his tenure at OSU, but he was also a professor at the university. It is believed that he sexually abused thousands of male students from the 1970s to the 1990s. An independent investigation commissioned by OSU revealed in 2018 that the first known reported abuse happened in 1979.

Strauss was never arrested or sued for any of these accusations against him. He committed suicide by hanging himself in 2005, at the age of 67. The abuse survivors interviewed in the documentary say that Strauss abused them when they were OSU students from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Most of the documentary’s interviewees used to be on OSU’s wrestling team. Many of those interviewed are plaintiffs in an ongoing lawsuit against OSU.

The survivors interviewed are:

  • Dan Ritchie, who was an OSU wrestler from 1988 to 1992
  • Mike Schyck, who was an OSU wrestler from 1988 to 1993
  • Mark Coleman, who was an OSU wrestler from 1987 to 1988
  • Rocky Ratliff, who was an OSU wrestler from 1995 to 1997
  • Will Knight, who was an OSU wrestler from 1991 to 1996
  • Mike DiSabato, who was an OSU wrestler from 1986 to 1991
  • Adam DiSabato (Mike DiSabato’s younger brother), who was an OSU wrestler from 1988 to 1993
  • Al Novakowski, who was an OSU hockey player from 1987 to 1988
  • Stephen Snyder-Hill, who was an OSU non-athlete student from 1991 to 2000

All share similar stories about how they were proud to be students at OSU (whose team name is the Buckeyes) because of OSU’s reputation of being a school what regularly won national championships. But their pride also came with the shame of knowing that Strauss (who was a trusted doctor because of his “nice guy” image, his work experience and his credentials) sexually abused them during medical examinations, which they all say was an “open secret” at OSU. Because the abuse was so accepted by the university, many students did not come forward to report the abuse at the time it was happening.

Another reason why many of Strauss’ victims didn’t come forward at the time the abuse was happening because Strauss had the power to decide if they were “fit” to participate in OSU athletics. It’s mentioned in the documentary that Strauss seemed to particularly target students who had athletic scholarships that the students needed to attend the university. Strauss also usually targeted students who were sexually inexperienced and naïve. These students often came from small towns and had sheltered upbringings.

Most of the survivors describe Strauss’ sexual abuse as unwanted fondling of their genitals, which he would lie to them about by saying the fondling was necessary to check if they had hernias. He would do this fondling even if the student was there for a reason that had nothing to do with genitals. Whenever Strauss was questioned about this inappropriate touching, his standard response was he was just being “thorough” in his examinations.

His accusers say that Strauss often asked them inappropriate and illegal questions about their sex lives. He also never used gloves and always made sure that he did the sexual abuse in the dark with no one else in the room. Some of his victims (such as Novakowski) say that Strauss’ abuse went beyond fondling and turned into rape.

And because it was Strauss’ word against any the word of victim who reported the abuse, Strauss was more likely to get away with it when there was no evidence. Knight comments in the documentary about Strauss’ abuse: “It was a dirty little secret that we just tiptoed around, and we just dealt with it because we were Buckeyes.”

Strauss was also allowed to regularly take locker room showers with OSU’s male athletes from several sports departments, and he would openly masturbate in front of the athletes during these showers. And not all of the accusers were students. Frederick Feeney, who was a wrestling referee from 1988 to 2024, breaks down in tears when he describes having one of these shower sexual abuse incidents perpetrated by Strauss, who Feeney says fondled Feeney on the rear end during this abuse.

The survivors all say that many officials knew about the abuse but did nothing when complaints about Strauss were reported. Russ Hellickson (OSU’s wrestling head coach from 1986 to 2006), Jim Jordan (OSU’s wrestling assistant coach from 1986 to 1994) ,Dr. John Lombardo (OSU director of sports medicine from 1990 to 2004), and Dr. Ted Grace (OSU head of student health from 1992 to 2007) are all mentioned as enablers who were responsible for helping keep Strauss employed by OSU, despite the now-uncovered hundreds of complaints against Strauss when Strauss was employed by OSU.

Hellickson, Jordan (who is now a U.S. Representative) and OSU declined to comment for this documentary. However, “Surviving Ohio State” has archival news footage of Jordan repeatedly denying that he knew about these complaints when Jordan worked for OSU. The documentary has some footage of Lombardo, Hellickson and Grace in videotaped depositions from 2019 regarding the lawsuit where Mike DiSabato is the lead plaintiff for a group of former OSU athletes. Grace is the only OSU official who gets some credit in the documentary for eventually being the first OSU official to take disciplinary action against Strauss, but whatever Grace did to hold Strauss accountable wasn’t enough to completely terminate OSU’s employment of Strauss.

Several of the survivors say that their shame and reluctance to come forward had a lot to do with the macho culture of being a male Buckeye athlete who was expected to be tough. Many of the survivors say when they went public about the abuse, many people did not believe that the abuse happened because they think the athletes would have and should have punched and or physically defended themselves against Strauss, who was not tall or muscular. However, what these critics often forget is that Strauss had power and influence over his victims’ enrollment at OSU. Anyone who physically attacked him could be expelled and/or arrested. Many of his abuse survivors didn’t want to take the risk of getting in that type of trouble.

“Surviving Ohio State” also addresses the issues of adult male sexual abuse victims usually getting less sympathy and less support from society than sexual abuse victims who are children (of any gender) or women. As an example, the documentary compares and contrasts the settlement offers in similar sexual abuse lawsuits against universities. Ritchie says in the documentary that he believes he and other plaintiffs got lower settlement offers because they were adults when Strauss was said to have abused them.

Pennsylvania State University offered $1.5 million to each of the plaintiff victims who were children when the unversity’s former football coach Jerry Sandusky (who is prison for various sex crimes) used the university campus to sexually abuse children who were part of the Second Mile, which was Sandusky’s non-profit athletics group for children. Michigan State University offered $1.2 million to each of the women and girls who were victims of the university’s former athletic department doctor Larry Nassar, who is a convicted sex offender serving the rest of his life in prison. By contrast, OSU offered $250,000 to each victim of Strauss. This offer was rejected by the plaintiffs, who also rejected a settlement clause where OSU would not admit to any wrongdoing in how it handled the accusations against Strauss.

The documentary also has accusations and suggestions that Strauss illegally gave steroids to OSU athletes. Several of the interviewees say that Strauss gave them what Straus said were vitamin B-12 injections, but what these former OSU athletes how believe were steroid injections. Ironically, Strauss was a nationally recognized steroid expert who wrote medical reports and was interviewed on TV about the dangers of steroid use. Strauss was never arrested or sued for these steroid accusations.

Some of the interviewees, such as Ritchie and Novakowski, say that Strauss’ sexual abuse of them were the reasons why they left OSU before they could graduate, but they were afraid to tell their families the real reasons at the time. The emotional and psychological damage for survivors has gone far past any college careers. Coleman says that many of the survivors have had divorces, mental health issues (including suicide attempts) and addiction issues that they all attribute to being directly or indirectly caused by the trauma of Strauss’ sexual abuse.

In this documentary that has very bleak and harrowing information, perhaps one of the most encouraging and positive outcomes is that several of the survivors formed informal support groups for each other. Novakowski says that many of the survivors no longer trust medical doctors, which means that many survivors might not be getting the medical treatment that they might need. “Surviving Ohio State” could have included information about any professional therapy that the survivor interviewees might or might not be receiving to deal with their trauma.

Also interviewed in the documentary are NBC4 Columbus TV anchor Colleen Marshall, civil rights attorney Ilann Maazel, journalist Jon Wertheim, and Csilla Remenyik-Smith, who was an OSU fencer athlete from 1981 to 1984. Remenyik-Smith’s mother Charlotte Remenyik was an OSU fencing coach (for male and female students) from 1978 to 1999 and was the first faculty member to make formal complaints about Strauss to OSU, which did not action against Strauss until 10 years after Remenyik made her first annual complaint against him.

In 1996, OSU terminated Strauss from his positions with OSU’s Athletics Department and OSU’s Student Health Department. However, OSU allowed him to keep his job as a tenured faculty member in OSU’s School of Public Health until Strauss voluntarily retired in 1998. OSU’s excuse for stalling in investigating the complaints was that Remenyik was reporting hearsay and gossip with no evidence. Maazel comments, “If there’s one thing OSU is good at—other than football—it’s deceit.”

Although “Surviving Ohio State” is very thorough in how it presents these survivor stories, the movie doesn’t delve far enough into the backgrounds of Strauss and the enablers to give more context for their horrific actions and cover-ups. The documentary does not answer many unanswered questions about who Strauss was outside of his job. Still, there’s enough information in the documentary to show that full justice has yet to be served to the survivors, many of whom might never find peace.

HBO premiered “Surviving Ohio State” on June 17, 2025.

Review: ‘Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print,’ starring Gloria Steinem, Pat Carbine, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Suzanne Braun Levine, Marcia Ann Gillespie, Alan Alda and Annie Sprinkle

July 3, 2025

by Carla Hay

A 1970s archival photo of Gloria Steinem (second from right) and Ms. magazine employees in “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” (Photo by Jill Freedman/HBO)

“Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print”

Directed by Salima Koroma, Alice Gu and Cecilia Aldarondo

Culture Representation: The documentary film “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” (which covers the 1970s and 1980s decades) features a predominantly white group of people (with a few African Americans) in the media and entertainment industry discussing the impact of Ms. magazine, the first nationally distributed American devoted to feminism.

Culture Clash: Ms. magazine covered controversial topics such as domestic violence, sexual harassment and pornography while also dealing with its internal problems of racial inequality and disagreements about the magazine’s editorial direction.

Culture Audience: “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in documentaries about feminism and visionary magazines.

Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Gloria Steinem and Suzanne Braun Levine in “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” is an illuminating chronicle of the first decade of feminist-oriented Ms. magazine. The documentary (which has interviews with the founding leaders and many of the original staffers) doesn’t sugarcoat the magazine’s problems and failings. Because the documentary only covers the history of Ms. in the 1970s and 1980s, it’s not a comprehensive story of the magazine, but it does give some fascinating history lessons on how Ms. magazine affected culture and vice versa.

“Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” had its world premiere at the 2025 Tribeca Festival. The documentary includes excerpts from many letters sent by Ms. magazine readers in the 1970s and 1980s. “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” is told in three parts, each helmed by a different director. Having each director for each of these three parts is both an asset by havng different director perspective and a flaw because the documentary’s production inconsistency. For example, in the last part of the documentary, the interviewees are not shown on camera.

Part One, titled “A Magazine for all Women” and directed by Salima Koroma, covers the origins and earliest years of Ms., beginning with the magazine’s launch in 1971 and the criticisms from people on both ends of the political spectrum. Part Two, titled “Ms.: A Portable Friend” and directed by Alice Gu, chronicles how Ms. became the first American women’s magazine to delve into problems such as domestic violence and sexual harassment. Part Three, titled “No Comment” directed by Cecilia Aldarondo, tells how Ms. was affect by feminists’ varied opinions on pornography and definitions of sexual exploitation.

Part One dutifully describes how Ms. magazine came to be, as told through interviews with Ms. co-founder Gloria Steinem, Ms. founding editor Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Ms. founding publisher Pat Carbine, Ms. founding editor Suzanne Braun Levine, Ms. contributing writer Jane O’Reilly and Marcia Ann Gillespie, who became the first black woman to be the editor-in-chief of Ms. magazine. Steinem says she was inspired to start Ms. after covering a women’s rights movement meeting for New York magazine. “I suddenly realized that the women’s liberation” movement was being born.

The purpose of Ms. was to cover issues that other women’s magazines weren’t covering. At the time, women’s magazines were mostly about domestic responsibilities, fashion and/or beauty. Ms. wanted to challenge the status quo and celebrate that women should have options besides being wives and mothers.

Ms. magazine’s first issue, which was quickly put together in five months, was an insert in New York magazine’s December 1971 issue. The cover of Ms.’s first issue was an illustration by Miriam Wosk of a pregnant woman with several arms, inspired by Hindu goddess Kali, juggling various household and work items. Ms. became a stand-alone magazine with its January 1972 issue, which featured Wonder Woman on the cover. Ms. was an immediate success, selling out its first stand-alone issue. (Ms. began as a monthly magazine and switched to being as quarterly magazine since 1987.)

Some of the article titles in the Ms. magazine’s first few issues were “How to Make Your Own Marriage Contract” and “The Black Family and Feminism.” Steinem wrote an essay titled “Sisterhood.” The emphasis of Ms. wasn’t on how women could be better wives and mothers but how women could be better human beings whose worth was not dependent on whether or not a woman is a wife or mother.

O’Reilly’s “Click” essays is still cited as one of Ms.’s most memorable breakthrough articles. In the article, O’Reilly remembers seeing her family members walk over a pile of folded laundry that she had placed at the bottom of the stairs in the house. When her husband asked her why she didn’t put the laundry away, she had a “click” moment when it suddenly “clicked” with her to say what she felt: “Why don’t you carry it [the pile of laundry] up yourself?”

However, the magazine had its share of controversy and critics from the beginning. Harry Reasoner, who was a TV anchor for ABC News at the time, predicted on television that Ms. would be an embarrassing flop. He later made an on-air apology for being very wrong with this prediction. (Reasoner apparently had a pattern of being sexist toward women, since he reportedly treated Barbara Walters very badly when they worked together as co-anchors of “ABC Evening News.” The 2025 documentary “Barbara Walters Tell Me Everything” has more details.)

“A Magazine for All Women” is steeped in irony because Ms. magazine certainly doesn’t speak to all women. Many women are not believers in the feminist ideology that is the core of Ms. magazine. Similarly, the documentary acknowledges that in its earliest years, Ms. had many of the same problems with racial inequality and socioeconomic inequality that the feminist movement had overall: The self-appointed leaders were middle-class and affluent white women.

Cottin Pogrebin admits in the documentary that it was mistake that all of Ms.’s founding editors were white instead of having diverse leadership. Ms. made an attempt to remedy its racial equality problem by hiring former Essence editor-in-chief Gillespie as a contributing writer, but that didn’t happen until 1980. Gillespie rose through the ranks at Ms. by becoming a contributing editor, executive editor and editor-in-chief. Gillespie was editor-in-chief of Ms. from 1992 to 2001.

Essence magazine (a publication geared to black women) was launched in 1970, a year before the launch Ms., and the documentary acknowledges that in many ways, Essence helped paved the way for Ms. magazine because Essence covered civil rights and political issues at a time when most other women’s magazine were not. In the documentary, Gillespie admits that she was upset that Alice Walker’s 1974 “In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens” essay was published in Ms. instead of Essence, where Gillespie was editor-in-chief at the time. Gillespie says that Ms. got preference over Essence because Ms. was considered more “mainstream” (in other words, led by white people), so Ms. automatically got more media coverage.

Walker (who later found massive fame for writing the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel “The Color Purple”) was a contributing editor at Ms. from the late 1970s to 1986, and resigned from that position because she publicly stated that Ms. was not putting enough people of color on the cover of Ms. magazine. Walker is not interviewed in the documentary. However, feminist writer Michelle Wallace (who is also African American) gives credit to Walker for giving Wallace important coverage in Ms. magazine. Wallace notes that when she did a separate photo shoots with Ms. and Essence, the people at Ms. made Wallace remove her braids, while the people at Essence let her keep her braids exactly the way that Wallace wanted.

Even with these racial inequalities within the Ms. magazine staff, the magazine championed black women in some ways that other “mainstream” magazines would not. Ms. was the first “mainstream” magazine to put Democratic politician Shirley Chisholm on the cover (for the March 1972 issue of Ms.), knowing that several magazine stands in the U.S. South would refuse to carry this issue because of Chisholm was on the cover. Ms. also lost out on advertising revenue from companies that refused to do business with Ms. because of the magazine’s editorial coverage of civil rights and politics.

Part Two of the documentary is well-researched but is the most laudatory section of the documentary because it essentially gives constant praise to Ms. for being the first nationally distributed American women’s magazine to do cover stories on domestic violence (“Battered Wives,” August 1976 issue) and sexual harassment (“Sexual Harassment on the Job and How to Stop It,” November 1977 issue). Many of magazine’s sales staff nearly quit over the decision to show a battered woman’s face (he right eye was bruise) on the cover of the domestic violence issue. For the sexual harassment cover photo, a man’s hand is shown touching the inside of a female puppet’s blouse because many of the Ms. staffers thought it would be inappopriate to have a real woman pose for that type of photo. The magazine weathered these controversies and supported legislation to hold people accountable for these abuses and to give more protection to victims/survivors.

In the documentary, Steinem says feedback from readers was crucial in influencing many of the editorial decisions and to encourage the magazine to keep going during difficult times. “The letters [from readers] were a lifeline,” Steinem comments. “They let us know that we were needed.” Not all of the reader feedback was positive, of course. A recurring theme in Ms. magazine’s history is that people feel threatened or dislike what feminism is all about.

True feminism isn’t about bashing men. True feminism is about believing in gender equality in a society where men usually have most of the power. That’s why when Ms. did a Men’s Issue in 1975, it was a controversial decision. Cottin Pogrebin explains why Ms. had a Men’s Issue: “We were liberating men from a straightjacket as well.” She adds that this straightjacket was choosing work over family and suppressing emotions.

Alan Alda (the actor best known for starring in the TV series “M*A*S*H*”) is the only man interviewed for this documentary. Steinem describes Alda as a “pioneering male feminist.” In his documentary interview, Alda says he is still proud to call himself a feminist but he also remembers the sting of criticism that he got for being a male feminist: He was called “king of the wimps” for his progressive views on feminism.

In addition to political issues that could alienate some people, Ms. wasn’t afraid to tackle health and business issues that could alienate potential advertisers. In the documentary, Steinem comments: “Advertisers censured women’s magazines in ways that they didn’t with Time or Newsweek. We needed advertising, but we weren’t selling our souls to advertisers” As an example, Steinem names Clairol (a leading company for hair products) as a company that refused to advertise in Ms. because Ms. did an article on the dangerous chemicals found in hair dye.

Part Three of the documentary skillfully handles the messy controversies within feminism and at Ms. magazine over how to cover the topics of pornography and other sex work. Within the ranks of Ms. magazine, the decision was made to make the distinction between erotica and pornography. It ended up being a cover story titled “Erotica and Pornography: Do You Know the Difference?” for Ms.’s November 1978 issue. Essentially, the article said that erotica was about sexuality, while pornography was about power and using sex as a weapon.

But with these arguable and subjective parameters, people still disagreed on what was “offensive” when it comes to pornography and other sex work. Andrea Dworkin (who died in 2005, at the age of 58) was a feminist who firmly believed that all pornography was bad for women. Steinem describes Dworkin as being “like an Old Testament prophet, raging from the hills.” Cottin Pogrebin adds, “Andrea was like a hero for all of us.”

The documentary mentions the work that the activist group Women Against Pornography did to shut down adult entertainment businesses back in the 1980s. And it’s also mentioned that left-wing feminists who railed against pornography also had this anti-porn stance in common with the right-wing conservatives who also wanted to eradicate pornography. Carole S. Vance, an anthropologist interviewed in the documentary, says it’s a slippery slope to have legal punishment for porn made by consenting adults. Dworkin was a contributing writer for Ms. until 1985, when she cut ties with the magazine because she felt that Ms.’s editorial acceptance of some pornography was a betrayal of her feminist values.

Another group of people who felt betrayed by Ms. were porn actresses and other sex workers, who were excluded from being interviewed in Ms.’s November 1978 erotica/porn cover story and other public discussions of how porn was affecting women. Interviewed in the documentary are best friends Annie Sprinkle and Veronica Vera, who were porn actresses and sex workers in the 1970s and 1980s and later documented adult entertainment as journalists. Sprinkle, Vera, and Robin Leonardi (daughter of 1970s porn star Gloria Leonard) says that Ms. magazine should not have excluded the input and perspectives of sex workers from that article and other editorial coverage of similar subject matter.

Ellen Sweet, who was a senior editor and writer at Ms. Magazine from 1980 to 1988, comments in the documentary about Ms. magazine’s coverage of porn: “This was probably the hardest thing we had to do. There were feminists on both sides of the issue.” When Sweet hears about an unpublished letter to Ms. from former porn actress/director Candida Royalle lamenting about Ms. ignoring the perspectives of women who work in porn, Sweet says: “I’m very sorry she was excluded.”

Toward the end of the documentary, it’s briefly mentioned that Sprinkle finally got to be a contributing commentator in the pages of Ms. when she wrote an article for Ms. in 2000. Sprinkle’s Ms. article wasn’t about sex. It was about cookies. Other people interviewed in the documentary are Dr. Lisa Coleman, president of Adler University; Lindsy Van Gelder, former Ms. magazine staff writer; and feminist activist Robin Morgan, co-founded Women’s Media Center with Jane Fonda and Steinem in 2005.

“Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” is an undoubtedly an inspiring historical documentary for people who believe in feminism. The movie doesn’t fully acknowledge that the trailblazing that Ms. magazine did was in the context of the 20th century, when magazines had much more influence in the media than magazines do now. Therefore, the documentary exists in somewhat of a time capsule bubble, with no mention of what Ms. is doing for feminism since the Internet has become a dominant force in the media. As it stands, “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” is still worth watching for nostalgia and as an example of struggles in feminism that are still relevant today.
 
HBO premiered “Dear Ms.: A Revolution in Print” on July 2, 2025.

Four Seasons launches private jet tour inspired by the HBO award-winning series ‘White Lotus’

February 25, 2025

(Photo courtesy of Four Seasons)

The following is a press release from Four Seasons:

Get ready to board the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience for an exclusive opportunity to explore some of the iconic settings of the HBO® Original Series The White Lotus with a new World of Wellness journey. Building on the recently announced global partnership between Four Seasons and HBO, the unforgettable 20-day itinerary will be offered for one exclusive journey, touching down in Maui, Taormina and Koh Samui— filming locations of the first three seasons of acclaimed series—along with five additional intriguing destinations that will allow guests to create their very own memorable storylines.

“We’ve experienced firsthand how The White Lotus has fuelled the set-jetting trend, inspiring travellers to explore the breathtaking Four Seasons properties that served as backdrops for this beloved series,” says Marc Speichert, Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, Four Seasons. “Now, with the third season captivating audiences, we are thrilled to provide guests with the opportunity to experience their own version of The White Lotus aboard the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience, blending their love of the series with the bucket-list journeys we offer in the sky.”

The World of Wellness itinerary will take flight for one journey and is designed to celebrate the cultural phenomenon of The White Lotus and some of the iconic settings of its storylines, along with other compelling global destinations. With wellbeing playing its own role in the third series, guests aboard the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience can explore wellness their way, with fully personalized itineraries to enrich mind, body and soul as they travel from one captivating destination to the next. Whether indulging in a spa treatment, looking for an adrenaline rush, or simply lounging with a cocktail in hand, guests can dream up their own wellness itinerary suited to their wishes.

“The World of Wellness itinerary was crafted to meet the desire of guests, knowing that more and more, travellers are influenced by the locations they enjoy on their screens,” continues Speichert. “This new journey is perfectly curated to meet this demand, while personalizing offerings for each guest at every step of the way. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience, and we can’t wait to take flight in 2026.”

Let Your Story Unfold: The White Lotus x The World of Wellness

The Four Seasons Private Jet Experience offers a seamless end-to-end journey aboard a custom-designed Airbus A321 with stops in some of the world’s most fascinating destinations, this time with a focus on personalized wellness. On the ground and in the air, guests will enjoy Four Seasons legendary service, access to local adventures and experiences, and personalized care from a dedicated team.

World of Wellness will take 48 guests to eight iconic destinations from May 7 to 26, 2026. Travelling aboard the custom-designed Four Seasons Private Jet, guests will take off from Singapore, before journeying onwards to Koh Samui, the Maldives, Taormina, Marrakech, Nevis, Mexico City, and completing the journey in Maui—all with stays exclusively at Four Seasons hotels and resorts.

Highlights include three nights at Four Seasons Resort Koh Samui in Thailand, a backdrop in the recently premiered third season of The White Lotus. Guests will have the opportunity to snorkel with guidance from an expert marine biologist, take part in Muay Thai training at the property’s iconic boxing ring set in the hills with 240-degree views of the ocean and jungle, and enjoy spa treatments inspired by the Resort’s tropical surroundings and rooted in Thai traditions.

In Taormina, Sicily, which served as a setting in season two, guests will enjoy three nights at San Domenico Palace, Taormina, A Four Seasons Hotel, cycling to picturesque wineries around Mount Etna, morning yoga in the Belvedere Gardens, and creating one’s own TV-worthy scenes strolling through the pebble stone streets and back alleys of the historic town, enjoying the many culinary delights at every corner.

Along the way, each destination is ripe for discovery to suit each guest’s own needs, starting with a welcome dinner in Singapore, where guests will taste firsthand why the country is known as a culinary paradise. In the Maldives, discover the magic of a Night Spa ritual performed under the stars, snorkel the coral reef, and embark on a turtle safari, or spend the day lounging amid the turquoise waters surrounding the Resort. Spend a day discovering the cultural secrets of Marrakech amid the ancient medinas, followed by a relaxing private hammam bath experience with a clay scrub from the Atlas Mountains for full-body exfoliation and soothing. In Nevis, rejuvenate at the island’s natural hot springs, and in Mexico City, take part in a traditional temazcal (house of heat) ceremony, take in sunrise views from a hot-air balloon or enjoy a cocktail in the hotel’s world-renowned bar, Fifty Mils.

The trip will conclude where the The White Lotus began, with two nights at Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea, offering guests the opportunity to explore the coast on an outrigger canoe and unwind at the end of a memorable journey through the traditions of deep-rooted Hawaiian culture in a lomi lomi massage.

Beyond enjoying the wonders of the journey on the ground, travellers will jet-set between each location aboard the custom-designed Four Seasons Jet, featuring 48 handcrafted seats constructed of Italian leather and 6.5 feet (2 metres) of personal space including extended legroom and a plush ottoman. The Jet also features an interactive social space – the “lounge in the sky” – where guests can relax and connect with each other and learn from Four Seasons craftspeople on the brand’s exceptional artistic, wellness and culinary offerings.

The World of Wellness Jet Experience is one of many ways Four Seasons and Max have partnered to create immersive experiences and activations to celebrate The White Lotus around the globe. To learn more, please see here.

 

About Four Seasons
Four Seasons opened its first hotel in 1961 and since that time has become a global leader in luxury hospitality and branded residential, with a focus on genuine and unparalleled service experiences. Four Seasons currently operates 133 hotels and resorts and 55 residential properties in major city centres and resort destinations in 47 countries. The company continues to grow with a guest-centric mindset, including a global pipeline of more than 60 projects under planning or in development. In addition to its hotels and resorts, Four Seasons experiential offerings include more than 600 restaurants and bars globally, the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience, Four Seasons Drive Experience, and the upcoming Four Seasons Yachts. Four Seasons consistently ranks among the world’s best hotels, resorts, restaurants and bars, and most prestigious luxury hospitality brand in reader polls, traveller reviews and industry awards. For more information and reservations, visit fourseasons.com. For the latest news, visit press.fourseasons.com

About the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience
All Four Seasons Private Jet itineraries travel aboard the custom-configured Four Seasons Private Jet. Designed by the same team that conceives the style and character of our hotels and resorts, the reimagined Airbus A321neo-LR offers exceptional, multi-destination journeys for 48 globetrotting travellers. All Four Seasons Private Jet itineraries include accommodations in Four Seasons hotels and resorts or, in remote locations, in accommodations carefully selected by Four Seasons. Additionally, guests travel with an expert Four Seasons journey team and onboard concierge who handle all trip logistics. To learn more about the Four Seasons Private Jet Experience and to continue exploring the custom-designed Four Seasons Private Jet, click here. For those looking to travel in 2025 and earlier in 2026, more upcoming itineraries can be found here.

The Four Seasons Private Jet Experience is operated by TCS World Travel, dedicated to delivering immersive, worry-free travel experiences for the globally curious luxury traveller. The aircraft is operated by Titan Airways Limited. For more information from the industry leader in Private Jet Journeys, click here.

About Max
Max is the premiere global streaming platform from Warner Bros. Discovery that delivers the most unique and captivating stories, ranging from the highest quality in scripted programming, movies, documentaries, true crime, adult animation, and live sports and news (where available). Max is the destination for prestigious entertainment brands such as HBO, Warner Bros., Max Originals, DC, Harry Potter, as well as iconic shows like Friends and The Big Bang Theory, all in one place.

About The White Lotus
New episodes of HBO’s Emmy®-winning series The White Lotus, from Mike White, debuts new episodes every Sunday on HBO and Max and follows a new group of guests at another White Lotus property. The series is created, written and directed by Mike White and executive produced by White, David Bernad and Mark Kamine.

‘The Penguin’ stars Colin Farrell, Cristin Milioti and more share secrets of this ‘Batman’ spinoff series at New York Comic Con 2024

October 17, 2024

by Carla Hay

Cristin Milioti and Colin Farrell at “The Penguin” panel Q&A at New York Comic Con at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City on October 17, 2024. (Photo by Carla Hay)

The HBO series “The Penguin” (a spinoff of the 2022 film “The Batman”) has been getting rave reviews from critics and fans, ever since it debuted on September 19, 2024. Based on characters that originally appeared in DC Comics, the Penguin is one of the more well-known enemies of superhero Batman. In “The Penguin” series, Colin Farrell reprises his role from “The Batman” as Oswald “Oz” Cobb, a disfigured crime boss who has the Penguin nickname because of the way that Oz walks, due to having a clubfoot. This role has Ireland native Farrell talking in a thick Gotham (New York City) accent and undergoing a complete physical transformation, thanks to award-worthy prosthetic makeup. “The Penguin” chronicles Oz/The Penguin’s rise in the criminal underworld in events that take place after “The Batman” story. Batman does not appear in “The Penguin.”

On October 17, 2024, cast members and other creative talent from “The Penguin” gathered for a two-part Q&A for a panel at New York Comic Con, at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City. The panelists were Farrell; Cristin Milioti (who has the role of Sofia Gigante, formerly known as Sofia Falcone, the daughter of Oz’s deceased crime boss Carmine Falcone); Rhenzy Feliz (who has the role of stuttering teenager Victor “Vic” Aguilar, Oz’s driver and personal enforcer); Deirdre O’Connell (who has the role of Francis Cobb, Oz’s mother who has various health issues); Michael Kelly (who has the role of Johnny Viti, the acting boss of the Falcone crime family); Clancy Brown (who has the role of Salvatore “Sal” Maroni, the head of the Maroni crime family); The Penguin” showunner Lauren LeFranc; and prosthetic designer Mike Marino.

Lauren LeFranc, Colin Farrell and Mike Marino at “The Penguin” panel Q&A at New York Comic Con at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City on October 17, 2024. (Photo by Carla Hay)

 

Colin Farrell in “The Penguin” (Photo by Macall Polay/HBO)

When Farrell was asked how he felt about all that prosthetic makeup he had to wear for “The Penguin,” he replied: “I loved the whole thing. I was made very aware of what a dream I was living through, bringing this character to life.” Farrell added, “So much of the work, I really did feel was really done for me. I said it before, but I felt that Mike [Marino] designed the most beautiful marionette, like he designed the most extraordinarily detailed puppet that had a sense of history and place and a sense of sorrow and a sense of violence.”

Farrell continued, “When I saw the design for the first time, it wasn’t supposed to be that way the first time. It was mostly going to be a nose prosthetic. [The original plan] wasn’t burying me [in prosthetics] … I did work, a couple of months before the [“Batman”] film with Jessica Drake, who’s a dialect coach. And I spent enough hours walking around in my living room and my kitchen, trying to figure out the walk.

“So, by the time we did the first makeup test in Los Angeles, it was all there. The makeup went on, the voice came out, the walk was there. And it all just came alive. It was extraordinarily powerful experience to look in the mirror and see something look back at you that is 100% unfamiliar to you—nothing you recognize about yourself. Even the eyes felt like they were swallowed by the brilliance of what he [Mike Marino] had created.”

Rhenzy Feliz, Cristin Milioti and Colin Farrell at “The Penguin” panel Q&A at New York Comic Con at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City on October 17, 2024. (Photo by Carla Hay)

When Farrell was asked if he thinks Oz was born evil or was made that way, Farrell responded: “Ooh, the whole nature versus nurture thing. I’m not certain … He’s had this sense of ‘otherness’ imposed upon him … He was always going to end up losing his mind at some point. [‘The Penguin’] shows his ascent into power but also his descent into madness that is born of the pain he’s lived in all his life.”

Feliz talked about Vic’s transformation into a having a criminal lifestyle with Oz: “It’s painful but brutal in a way. The life that Victor is headed down is not going to be a life of much success or incredible opportunities. What Oz is offering is a something a bit more exciting. And at the same time, he [Vic] has lost something. He lost his family. [Vic] is like, ‘I get to be a part of something now.'” Feliz added that Vic sees Oz as “inspiring” and somewhat of a “mentor.”

Farrell agreed about the Oz/Vic relationship. “There is a sense of a kindred spirit,” he said. “Their initial attraction is one that’s fraught with danger and violence and threat … The way that Vic responds to Oz’s threat is disarming in itself. It’s not just a kid falling apart and being scared. It’s a very particular way in which that fear is articulated.”

Farrell added, “I also think misery loves company. He [Oz] sees someone he can push around … and then he does grow to have an affection for him, for sure. Vic, in many ways to me, is the conscience of the piece. He is the purest representation of innocence.”

Milioti commented on Sofia’s views on power: “She wants power because she believes that she deserves it. And I think that’s why most people seek power. Pain that has nowhere to go. ‘If I can’t have love, I want absolutely unmitigated power.'”

As for Sofia’s personal history of spending 10 years in the psychiatric facility Arkham Asylum, Milioti commented: “It’s rare that you’re given an opportunity to show that much of someone’s history and especially to show why someone is driven to madness. I understand why she does what she does.”

Review: ‘MoviePass, MovieCrash,’ starring Stacy Spikes, Hamet Watt, Mitch Lowe, Chris Kelly, Nathan McAlone, Jason Guerrasio and Daniel Kaufman

June 2, 2024

by Carla Hay

Stacy Spikes and Hamet Watt in “MoviePass, MovieCrash” (Photo courtesy of Hearst Newspapers via Getty Images/HBO)

“MoviePass, Movie Crash”

Directed by Muta’Ali

Culture Representation: The documentary film “MoviePass, MovieCrash” features a predominantly white group of people (with some black people) discussing the rise, the fall and the attempted comeback of MoviePass, a subscription service for movie tickets.

Culture Clash: MoviePass struggled for years to become a popular company, until a controversial management team took over and made radical business decisions that rapidly increased subscribers, but the company crashed and burned due to overspending and extreme financial losses.

Culture Audience: “MoviePass, MovieCrash” will appeal primarily to people who are moviegoers, entrepreneurs or business investors and are interested in watching documentaries about how greed and arrogance can ruin businesses.

Stacy Spikes and Ted Farnsworth in “MoviePass, MovieCrash” (Photo courtesy of MoviePass/HBO)

The documentary “MoviePass, MovieCrash” (directed by Muta’Ali, also known as Muta’Ali Muhammad) offers some interesting behind-the-scenes perspectives of the rise, fall and attempted comeback of MoviePass, the first popular subscription service for movie tickets in the United States. The film editing brings some comedic touches to a harsh business story. Because so much of what happened to MoviePass has been widely reported elsewhere, not much is surprising in this documentary, and there are glaring omissions.

For example, “MoviePass, MovieCrash” does not mention AMC Theatres’ subscription service AMC Stubs A-List, which launched in June 2018 as an extension of the already existing AMC Stubs rewards program. AMC Stubs A-List was one of the biggest factors in the downfall of MoviePass in 2018. And although “MoviePass, MovieCrash” gives some commentary on the apparent racism behind white executives sidelining and eventually ousting MoviePass co-founders Stacy Spikes and Hamet Watt (who are both African American), there’s no mention of the obvious sexism at MoviePass. At the peak of MoviePass’ popularity, all of the company’s top executives and board of directors consisted of men. “MoviePass, MovieCrash” had its world premiere at the 2024 SXSW Film & TV Festival.

“MoviePass, MovieCrash” tells the company’s story in mostly chronological order, featuring interviews with Spikes and many of the company’s former employees, investors and subscribers. Headquartered in New York City, MoviePass was founded in 2011 and didn’t become a profitable company until 2023. Before co-founding MoviePass, Spikes (who was born and raised in Houston) had experiences in the 1990s as a marketing executive at Miramax and as a product manager at Motown Records. In 1997, Spikes founded the Urbanworld Film Festival as a showcase for filmmakers of color. Watt’s previous experience was as an entrepreneur of various small businesses.

According to what Spikes says in the documentary, MoviePass was originally conceived as a subscription service version of the Urbanworld Film Festival. The idea for MoviePass morphed from not just being limited to one film festival but to being a nationwide service for movie ticketing at corporate-owned and independently owned movie theaters. These movie theaters would get a cut of the revenue from tickets purchased through MoviePass.

The MoviePass business model was that subscribers would pay a monthly fee to watch a certain number of movies per month at a wide selection of movie theaters. One of the original MoviePass subscription plans was $39.95 for 30 movies a month, with a limit of one movie per day. Tickets could be booked on a MoviePass app, and a MoviePass card that operated like a debit card would redeem the tickets at participating movie theaters.

However, it was difficult for this business model to be profitable, as long as numerous subscribers were frequent moviegoers and paying only a fraction of what they would pay for tickets without this MoviePass subscription. In other words, MoviePass was losing money from all the ticket discounts that MoviePass subscribers were getting from these subscriptions. MoviePass did not have any other source of sales revenue to offset these financial losses, and the company had to rely on investors to keep MoviePass in business.

From 2011 to 2016, Spikes was the CEO of MoviePass, while Watt was the board chairman who mostly dealt with finding investors. The company’s biggest problem during this time period was that the subscriber base stalled somewhere around 20,000 subscribers. Another big setback was that MoviePass temporarily lost a business deal with Movietickets.com (partially owned by AMC Theatres) in 2015, when Adam Aron replaced Gerry Lopez as CEO of AMC Theatres. Lopez is interviewed in the documentary, while Aron is not. Lopez says that MoviePass was beneficial to AMC Theatres in the early-to-mid-2010s.

One of the original major investors in MoviePass was Chris Kelly, a former Facebook executive who briefly dabbled in politics. (In 2010, Kelly lost the California district attorney’s Democratic primary to Kamala Harris.) As a major investor in MoviePass, Kelly also became a member of MoviePass’ board of directors. Because he invested so much money in MoviePass, Kelly was eventually given two seats on the board. Kelly, who is interviewed in the documentary, says that there came a point in time when he had no more money that he could invest in MoviePass, so he urged Spikes and Watt to find other big-money investors.

Mitch Lowe, a former executive for Redbox and Netflix, joined MoviePass in 2016 as CEO and as a board member. Spikes was made chief operating officer (COO) under this new management structure, while Watt began to be sidelined. In the documentary, Lowe openly admits that he didn’t think Watt was as valuable as Spikes to MoviePass at the time.

On the recommendation of Lowe, a big-talking executive named Ted Farnsworth (who was CEO of analytics firm Helios and Matheson at the time) was brought to MoviePass as a chief investor. Farnsworth had a background in finance, public relations and marketing with several start-up companies. Farnsworth told the MoviePass executives that MoviePass couldn’t be profitable until MoviePass had at least 1 million subscribers. Spikes says in the documentary that he constantly raised concerns to Lowe, Farnsworth and other MoviePass board members about the sustainability of this goal.

Spikes says Farnsworth and Lowe repeatedly dismissed Spikes’ warnings that MoviePass’ financial losses would become too large to handle with more than 1 million subscribers, unless MoviePass figured out a way for the company to become profitable. There was also the issue of MoviePass being understaffed and unable to keep up with any rapid increase in subscribers. Lowe’s reaction was to act like Spikes was being negative and difficult: “He was not being a constructive member of the team,” Lowe says in the documentary about Spikes.

In the documentary, Spikes uses an airplane analogy to explain MoviePass’ rapid growth plans: “We’re kind of learning to build the plane mid-flight. And changing it from a crop duster to a 747 that can handle large volumes of people. We were not prepared to keep running at that pace.” Spikes says his recommendation to “put the brakes” on MoviePass’ plan for rapid growth was often ignored.

Lowe wanted MoviePass to quickly reach the goal of 1 million subscribers and get a lot of media attention for it. Lowe takes full credit in the documentary for coming up with the idea of reducing the MoviePass subscription price to $9.95 per month, which would still give subscribers a “pass” to see one movie every day at participating theaters. And sure enough, MoviePass had a meteoric increase in subscribers and got a lot of media attention from late 2017 through all of 2018. By then, Spikes and Watt had been pushed out of the company.

In August 2017, Helios and Matheson bought a majority stake in MoviePass. Spikes and Watt were removed from MoviePass’ board of directors and forced out of the company. Spikes and Watt got to keep their stock shares in MoviePass after they were fired from the company. However, under the terms of their exit deal, Spikes and Watt could not buy or sell these shares for a 12-month period after being dismissed from MoviePass. According to Spikes, his shares in MoviePass were worth about $80 million when he was ousted from MoviePass in 2017. A year later, those shares would essentially be worthless.

MoviePass’ rapid rise and fall have been well-documented in the media and elsewhere. By December 2017, MoviePass had 1 million subscribers. By February 2018, MoviePass had 2 million subscribers. By June 2018, MoviePass had 3 million subscribers. Lowe and Farnsworth became the new faces of MoviePass, with many media outlets incorrectly identifying Lowe and Farnsworth as the founders of MoviePass. Lowe and Farnsworth soaked up all the publicity they were getting for being “visionary” leaders of a “hot” company that was a popular choice for stock investors.

Still, the question remained: How was MoviePass going to actually become profitable? In media interviews, Farnsworth and Lowe kept saying that MoviePass was planning to sell its customer data to movie studios. However, they avoided answering questions on how much this data was actually worth to make up for the hundreds of millions of dollars that MoviePass was losing.

Meanwhile, MoviePass went on a spending spree. The company spent millions on promoting MoviePass at major film festivals and other events. According to the documentary, MoviePass reportedly spent $1 million at the 2018 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and hired mismatched spokespeople—such as former basketball star Dennis Rodman and social media influencer OK Bunny—to promote MoviePass at the festival. OK Bunny is interviewed in the documentary, and she still seems a little confused by what MoviePass was doing at Coachella and why she was paired with Rodman.

There were other ill-conceived business decisions, such as MoviePass Ventures and production company MoviePass Films, which invested heavily in the 2018 flop biopic “Gotti,” starring John Travolta as notorious Mafia boss John Gotti. Lowe says that MoviePass thought that its subscriber base would be the most likely to buy tickets to any movies that MoviePass produced. The failure of “Gotti” proved that business theory wrong. MoviePass also purchased the outdated Moviefone, a financially declining company for movie tickets and showtimes.

There were helicopters and private jets bearing the MoviePass logo. And several people in the documentary say that Lowe and especially Farnsworth were caught up in acting like “rock star” executives who wanted to party with celebrities. Lowe doesn’t deny any of it and makes this excuse for why he and other high-ranking MoviePass executives got the biggest perks from the spending sprees, while the lower-level employees were overworked and understaffed: “Not all roles get to party.”

Farnsworth is not interviewed in “MoviePass, MovieCrash,” which depicts Farnsworth as the story’s biggest villain and a prime example of callous corporate greed. There is no mention in the documentary if the “MoviePass, Movie Crash” filmmakers attempted to interview him, or if Farnsworth declined any requests for comment. It’s mentioned in the documentary that Farnsworth abused his power at MoviePass to make nepotism hires of family members and friends who were inexperienced or unqualified.

One of these nepotism hires was Robert “Bob” Ellis (Diana Ross’ first ex-husband), who is mentioned but not interviewed in the documentary. Ellis, who was put on MoviePass’ payroll as a marketing consultant, is described as a Hollywood hanger-on, photographer and close friend of Farnsworth. He was part of the MoviePass executive clique that went on luxury trips that were paid for by the company.

Also mentioned but not interviewed in the documentary is Khalid Itum, an inexperienced MoviePass employee who quickly rose through the company ranks and eventually became MoviePass’ vice president of business development. Itum is named as one of the biggest offenders in the wild spending sprees at MoviePass. The documentary includes some audio clips of recordings of MoviePass staff meetings. In these recordings, Itum and Lowe seem to be willfully in denial about how their overspending was very damaging to MoviePass.

In July 2018, during the weekend that “Mission: Impossible – Fallout” was released in theaters, MoviePass crashed and burned when the MoviePass app stopped working or had limitations for most of its customers. MoviePass frequently switched its terms of service without giving customers proper notice. Subscribers complained of not getting responses from MoviePass customer service representatives. These problems continued for the next several months. The widespread customer complaints and several lawsuits against MoviePass led to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) investigating MoviePass for fraud.

Daniel Kaufman, the former FTC director who was involved in these MoviePass investigations, describes Farnsworth as a con man who didn’t really know how to operate a business but only knew how to promote a business. Journalists/reporters Nathan McAlone and Jason Guerrasio, who both covered the MoviePass saga for the website Business Insider, also describe Farnsworth as the worse person in the toxic duo of Farnsworth and Lowe. Business Insider is listed in the documentary’s end credits as a production collaborator for “MoviePass, MovieCrash.”

As for Lowe, he doesn’t take much personal responsibility for MoviePass’ downfall. Lowe shifts almost all of the blame on bad advice that he got from Farnsworth. In the documentary, Lowe says that when things came crashing down for MoviePass, Farnsworth told Lowe: “Just keep going and the money will come.” MoviePass’ bankruptcy and closure in 2019, as well as MoviePass’ revival by Spikes (who bought back the rights to MoviePass in 2021 and returned to the company as CEO), are briefly mentioned toward the end of the documentary. The MoviePass legal problems of Lowe, Farnsworth and Itum are in the documentary’s epilogue.

“MoviePass, MovieCrash” has interviews with former MoviePass customer service employees Sydney Weinshel, Emmanuel Freeman and Ezekiel Sansing; former MoviePass engineer Oscar Miscar; former MoviePass social media manager Drew Taylor; former Helios and Matheson public relations executive Mark Havener; former Urbanworld Film Festival director Gabrielle Glore; and former MoviePass subscribers Mat Levy, Jose Rolden and James Simermeyer. Also interviewed are several investors (some of whom were MoviePass investors, while some were not), such as Mark Gomes, John Fitchthorn, Ken Gardner, Ben Rabizadeh, Daymond John and Guy Primus.

The former MoviePass employees describe feeling optimistic and excited when they first joined the company, but that excitement soon turned to dread and discontent when they saw how things were being grossly mismanaged. Lower-lever staffers were overwhelmed with customer complaints, while MoviePass’ upper-level executives were living lavish lifestyles and denying that big problems existed at MoviePass. Miscar is the former MoviePass employee who is the most candid in the documentary interviews and is the only former MoviePass employee to call out the problematic racial issues in how Spikes and Watt were pushed out of MoviePass by an all-white team of executives.

Spikes and Watt are diplomatic when talking about their humiliating exits from MoviePass. Watt emphatically states that MoviePass is in his past, and he’s happy to have moved on to other things. (He’s an investor consultant.) By contrast, Spikes is still very clearly haunted by the demise of MoviePass from 2018 to 2019, and he is determined to make the company even bigger and better than it ever was. Spikes mentions he was partially inspired to revive MoviePass by how Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs and Dell Technologies founder Michael Dell were ousted from the companies they founded and made big comebacks when they returned to those companies.

“MoviePass, Movie Crash” uses a lot of clips from movies and TV shows as ways to put an emphasis on the emotions and reactions being described in the documentary. This editing brings some amusing entertainment to an otherwise infuriating story about corporate corruption. Spikes mentions that if he and Watt had been running MoviePass in the same the way that Lowe and Farnsworth ran the company into the ground, then Spikes and Watt would’ve gotten quicker and harsher legal consequences.

There is some mention in the documentary about these racial inequalities for entrepreneurs, with the obvious fact that white men get the vast majority of investment money. Watt says in the documentary that a start-up company such as MoviePass needed this factor to take the company to the next level: “If you have a white man with more gray hair that could inspire other white males with white hair to be more comfortable investing. It’s a factor we considered through the entire entrepreneurial journey.”

Lowe and Farnsworth certainly took MoviePass to the “next level,” but at what cost? The MoviePass brand name and reputation became permanently tarnished. Millions of dollars were lost. Untold numbers of people felt ripped off and cheated by MoviePass. And certain people got into big legal trouble over how MoviePass was mishandled.

The racial implications of MoviePass’ history are certainly acknowledged in the documentary. However, there’s no good reason for the noticeably low number of women interviewed for this documentary. Studies from the Motion Picture Association and other sources have shown for years that women are about 51% of the movie ticket buyers in the United States, and females are about 51% of moviegoers. And yet, there are no female MoviePass subscribers interviewed in this documentary. (A social media clip of a random female former MoviePass subscriber talking about MoviePass is not the same thing as an interview.)

The very real problem of sexism is completely ignored in “MoviePass, MovieCrash,” which comes across as very much like a “boys’ club” documentary without including the realities of how women have a big impact on movie ticket buying. The “MoviePass, MovieCrash” filmmakers also never question why women were excluded from being MoviePass’ highest-ranking leaders. The documentary’s biggest flaw is failing to mention these issues regarding gender and sexism. However, “MoviePass, MovieCrash” does a sufficient job of answering this question for anyone who is curious: “Whatever happened to MoviePass?”

HBO premiered “MoviePass, MovieCrash” on May 29, 2024.

Review: ‘You Were My First Boyfriend,’ starring Cecilia Aldarondo

December 4, 2023

by Carla Hay

Xander Black and Cecilia Aldarondo in “You Were My First Boyfriend” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“You Were My First Boyfriend”

Directed by Cecilia Aldarondo and Sarah Enid Hagey

Culture Representation: Taking place in Florida and in New York, the autobiographical documentary film “You Were My First Boyfriend” features a Latino and white group of people representing the working-class and middle-class and who are connected in some way to filmmaker Cecilia Aldarondo.

Culture Clash: Aldarondo reminisces about her teenage years and confronts some of her personal demons by re-enacting some of her best and worst teenage experiences and memories.

Culture Audience: “You Were My First Boyfriend” will appeal primarily to viewers who are interested in movies that explore how adults can still be affected by angst that they had when they were teenagers.

An archival photo of Caroline Baker and Cecilia Aldarondo as teenagers in “You Were My First Boyfriend” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

If you had a chance to re-enact some of your most memorable teenage experiences (the good, the bad and the in between) in a documentary, would you do it? Most people wouldn’t, but the unconventional “You Were My First Boyfriend” shows what it was like for a filmmaker to revisit her past on camera. The film is a mixture of re-enactments, interviews with people who knew her when she was a teenager, and hindsight-fueled personal introspection.

Even though “You Were My First Boyfriend” is steeped in 1990s nostalgia, the themes in this documentary can be relatable to people of many generations. Filmmaker/narrator Cecilia Aldarondo gives an emotionally honest look at her self-esteem struggles. “You Were My First Boyfriend” had its world premiere at the 2023 SXSW Film & TV Festival.

Aldarondo and Sarah Enid Hagey directed and wrote “You Were My First Boyfriend,” but this is Aldarondo’s life story—specifically, about how Aldarondo is still dealing with insecurities that have affected her since childhood. Aldarondo (whose family is of Puerto Rican heritage) spent most her childhood in Winter Park, Florida, where she and her family were among the minority of Latino people in their predominantly white neighborhood.

The high school that Aldarondo and her two older sisters attended also had a predominantly white population. Aldarondo says of Winter Park: “People say it’s a nice place to grow up, but it always felt like a foreign place to me.” (Aldarondo is currently based in New York.)

In the beginning of “You Were My First Boyfriend,” Aldarondo says in a voiceover: “Imagine you had a nightmare where you had to relive your adolescence. My memories shine almost like a diamond. But not because I love them but because I hate them.”

Aldarondo doesn’t hold back in letting viewers know what her insecurities are that she says have plagued her since she was a child. In high school, she was socially awkward, had very few friends, and didn’t date anyone. Aldarondo says that she always felt inadequate and less attractive, compared to her two older sisters, whom Aldarondo feels got more attention and admiration from people inside and outside the family. It didn’t help that Aldarondo vividly remembers a few of her older female relatives making insulting remarks about Aldarondo’s weight.

Aldarondo’s sister Laura Gallegos is in several scenes in the documentary. And although Gallegos is a loving and supportive sister who gives Aldarondo pep talks and constant encouragement, there’s still a little bit noticeable tension between the sisters. Aldarondo comes across as somewhat jealous that Gallegos has a “perfect” life of domestic stability, while Gallegos seems a little envious that Aldarondo has a career that’s about creative freedom.

It’s also interesting to see how the two sisters sometimes have very different memories of the same childhood experiences. Not surprisingly, Gallegos doesn’t remember or says she wasn’t fully aware of all the emotional pain that Aldarondo says she was going through at the time in their childhoods when Aldarondo often felt invisible or sidelined in their own family. The documentary has some very raw emotions that show the complicated dynamics between the two sisters as they sort through their past and present.

Early on in the movie, there are scenes of Aldarondo (who graduated from high school in 1994) at her 25th high school reunion. As she drives to the reunion location, she says out loud, “I feel like I’m returning to the scene of an invisible crime, but the masochist in me tells me, ‘You must go [to this reunion].'”

At the reunion, Aldarondo engages in friendly conversations, but she still looks slightly uncomfortable. She says in a voiceover she feels like the people and the atmosphere have lot of the same elitist “country club” attitude that she experienced in high school. When an unidentified male former classmate comments on Aldarondo’s curly hair, there are some racial undertones when he asks her, “What did you channel for your hair?” She replies sarcastically, “Puerto Rico.” Perhaps realizing that his comment could be taken as an insult, he adds, “Your hair is amazing.”

Aldarondo tells documentary viewers up front that a big reason why she wanted to go to the reunion was to see a classmate named Joel, whom she says she had an intense crush on, from when they were in 6th grade to 12th grade. Aldarondo says she was too shy to ever flirt with Joel, or make it known that she wanted to date him, because she felt that he was out of her league. Before going to the reunion, Aldarondo reads some of her lovelorn journal entries about Joel, who never dated her and didn’t know that she had such a huge crush on him.

However, according to Aldarondo, Joel’s high school girlfriend knew about this crush and set up Aldarondo to have a potentially humiliating moment at a high school dance. Aldarondo says that this girlfriend told Aldarondo that Joel wanted to dance with Aldarondo, so Aldarondo approached Joel at the dance. He seemed confused when Aldarondo told him what his girlfriend said, but he politely asked Aldarondo to dance.

Joel didn’t know it at the time, but that dance (as awkward as it was for both of them) made a big impact on Aldarondo. On the one hand, it was like a dream come true for her. On the other hand, Aldarondo knew that she was only dancing with Joel because his girlfriend at the time intended it to be a prank. This experience is one of many from her teenage years that Aldarondo says still “haunt” her.

It should come as no surprise that Aldarondo meets up with Joel in the documentary to confess that she had a secret crush on him. She even goes as far as reading some of the things she wrote in her journal about him. What makes “You Were My First Boyfriend” different from most other documentaries that would have this type of reunion scene is that Aldarondo takes it a step further and recreates this fateful high school dance, by hiring real teenage actors (Xander Black has the role of Joel) and Aldarondo portraying the teenage version of herself.

If all of this sounds like some kind of therapy, Aldarondo freely admits that it is. (Hired actor Black even points out that these re-enactments must be like therapy for Aldarondo.) Aldarondo’s live-in partner Gabriel “Gabe” Kristal is shown in the documentary as being very supportive of what she’s doing in the documentary.

Kristal also gamely participates when Aldarondo asks him to recreate a scene from the high school drama series “My So-Called Life,” one of her favorite shows from her teenage years. In these “My So-Called Life” recreations, Aldarondo is protagonist Angela Chase (originally played by Claire Danes), and Kristal portrays Angela’s hard-to-get crush Jordan Catalano (originally played by Jared Leto). These “My So-Called Life” recreated scenes are intended to be amusing.

The title of “You Were My First Boyfriend” is somewhat misleading because the documentary isn’t completely focused on Aldarondo’s teenage obsession with Joel (who was never her boyfriend) and her reunion with him. A much more meaningful part of the documentary is about Aldarondo coming to terms with how her insecurities cost her a close friendship. With hindsight comes a lot of regret.

Before and during high school, Aldarondo had a best friend named Caroline Baker. The two girls had many interests in common (such as watching movies and TV shows), but Baker was much more open and secure about being a nerd than Aldarondo was. Aldarondo says in the documentary that there was a time in her high school years when some of the school’s popular girls began to pay attention to Aldarondo and invited her to join them in some of their social activities. As a result, Aldarondo ended her friendship with Baker, because she thought that the popular girls wouldn’t think she was very cool if she continued to hang out with Baker.

The documentary also shows Aldarondo confronting an ugly truth about her teenage past. As much as she felt shunned by many of her classmates because of snobbery, Aldarondo did some shunning of her own in how she treated Baker for the same snobbish reasons. The documentary shows whether or not Baker reunites with Aldarondo. In the teenage re-enactment scenes, Trinity Soos has the role of teenage Baker. The documentary includes footage of Aldarondo’s difficult audition process to find the right actress for the role.

Aldarondo also acknowledges her failings and flaws in being a passive part of the bullying among her fellow students. She describes an incident that took place at a girls’ summer camp when she saw two girls bully another girl, and Aldarondo did nothing to stop it. The guilt of being a bully enabler weighed on Aldarondo, and what she decided to do about it is shown in the documentary. It’s one of the most emotionally powerful moments in the movie.

Not everything in “You Were My First Boyfriend” is about Aldarondo reliving painful memories. One of the more light-hearted (but bittersweet) sections of the movie is when Aldarondo and her sister Gallegos do a re-enactment of Tori Amos’ 1992 “Crucify” music video. It might sound self-indulgent and a little dorky, but in the movie, it comes across as sweet and endearing for Aldarondo to recreate this music video that is special to her. The teenage friendship scenes with Aldarondo and Soos (as Baker) are also delightful to watch.

Documentary filmmakers who make themselves the stars of their movies often do so because they’re seeking recognition for monumental achievements that they want to put in the documentary. Aldarondo did not make “You Were My First Boyfriend” with the intention of winning a Pulitzer Prize. However, by exposing herself in such a candid and truthful way, she has made a very personal documentary that might help give insecure people more confidence to show who they really are and go on a path toward healthy self-acceptance.

HBO premiered “You Were My First Boyfriend” on November 8, 2023.

Review: ‘Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project,’ starring Nikki Giovanni

November 11, 2023

by Carla Hay

Nikki Giovanni in “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project”

Directed by Joe Brewster and Michèle Stephenson

Culture Representation: This biographical documentary film of activist/poet Nikki Giovanni features her first-person perspective, as well as commentary from African Americans and white people who are connected to her in some way.

Culture Clash: Giovanni, an outspoken critic of white supremacist racism, discusses overcoming an abusive background, family conflicts and resistance to her activism.

Culture Audience: “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in watching documentaries about unusual political activists.

Nikki Giovanni in “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” (Photo courtesy of HBO)

“Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” is a journey into a unique life and perspective that might not be for everyone, but it stands firm in its authenticity. This documentary about poet/activist Nikki Giovanni is bold and somewhat unconventional, just like Giovanni. The movie evokes outer space travel as an apt metaphor for how ideas and influences can transcend boundaries.

Directed by Joe Brewster and Michèle Stephenson, “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” had its world premiere at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the U.S. Grand Jury Prize: Documentary. The movie is told almost entirely from the perspective of Giovanni, with narration of some of her poems by actress Taraji P. Henson. The movie has the expected mix of archival footage and interviews conducted exclusively for the documnetary. However, “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” has added elements of atmospheric scenes of outer space, since Giovanni talks a lot about space travel and Mars.

The movie opens with a quote from Giovanni, “The trip to Mars can only be understood through black Americans.” If that sentence intrigues you, then this documentary might be your type of movie. Giovanni says in the documentary’s opening remark: “I don’t remember a lot of things, but a lot of things I don’t remember, I don’t choose to remember. I remember what’s important, and I make up the rest. That’s what storytelling is all about.”

In voiceover narration, Henson can be heard saying a line from Giovanni’s writing: “I think I’ll run away with the ants and live on Mars.” In another voiceover, Giovanni says: “I’m a big fan of black women, because in our blood is space travel, because we come from a known through an unknown. And that’s all that space travel is. If anybody can find what’s out there in the darkness, it’s black women.”

During a public Q&A with journalist/writer Touré, to promote her 2017 non-fiction book “A Good Cry: What We Learn From Tears and Laughter,” Giovanni comments on the enslaved black female slaves who were kidnapped in Africa and forced to live an enslaved life in the United States, where they were often raped by their white enslavers: “Being forced to have sex with aliens, whatever they put in us, we held it, and then we birthed it, and then we named it, and then we loved it. Why wouldn’t we do that on Mars?”

Giovanni was born Yolande Cornelia Giovanni on June 7, 1943 in Knoxville, Tennessee, but spent much of her childhood living in Ohio. Sometime in her childhood, she was given the nickname Nikki. Her parents Yolande Cornelia Sr. and Jones “Gus” Giovanni (who were sweethearts at Knoxville College) worked in public schools. Nikki graduated from Fisk University in Nashville in 1967. She has been a professor of writing and literature at Virginia Tech since 1987.

Nikki first came to national prominence as part of the Black Power movement that rose in the late 1960s. The documentary includes many archival clips of her appearances on TV shows, including “Soul!,” where she was a frequent guest. “Going to Mars” has has footage of several of Nikki’s speaking appearances, including at the 2016 Afropunk festival.

She also gets candid about her parents’ volatile marriage and says that her father often beat up her mother. Nikki says in a voiceover: “It was a stormy relationship at various points, but we know that deprivation gives us stormy relationships.” Later, she is shown saying during a WHYY radio interview about how she felt about her abusive father at the time she lived with him: “It was clear I was going to have to kill him, or else I’d have to move.”

Nikki’s complicated emotions about race and gender includes admitting to her prejudices. In a “Soul!” interview she did in 1971 with writer/poet James Baldwin, when she was at the height of her Black Power fame, she confessed that her biases were affecting her personal life: “I don’t like white people, and I’m afraid of black men. What do you do? That’s a cycle. And that’s unfortunate, because I need love.”

Nikki found love with her wife Virginia Fowler, who recruited Nikki to work at Virginia Tech. The two women are both cancer survivors: Nikki battled lung cancer in the 1990s. Fowler is recovering from lung cancer and breast cancer. Fowler talks a little bit about her cancer journey, but Nikki doesn’t really discuss her own cancer experiences in the documentary.

Nikki’s selective memory is also shown when someone named Tom calls her to ask Nikki to discuss her time at an unnamed magazine, but she declines to be interviewed. Nikki says it’s because she had a seizure and “doesn’t remember much.” She also chooses not to go into details about the relationship that resulted in the birth of her only child Thomas Govanni, who was born in 1969, and she raised him as a single mother.

Nikki doesn’t talk about the turbulent relationship that she’s had with Thomas, but Fowler comments that Nikki and Thomas were estranged for a number of years and have since reconciled. Thomas and his daughter Kai Giovanni appear briefly in the documentary, which shows Kai going to Nikki’s house for the first time.

Perhaps the biggest drawback of this documentary is that the most candid comments from Nikki are not things she said in exclusive interviews for the documentary but things she talked about in archival clips. Much credit should be given to the documentary’s research and editing teams for including a lot of this rarely seen footage. The documentary’s editing artfully weaves outer-space footage with the rest of the footage so that viewers feel like they are taken on a cosmic journey through Nikki’s life.

Most of the documentary’s original footage of Nikki consists of her at her home (such as a scene of her doing some gardening), hanging out with friends such as performer Novella Nelson, or making public speaking appearances. The most vulnerable that Nikki gets in the documentary is toward the end, when she copes with the grief over the death of her beloved aunt Agnes, who passed away at age 94. The documentary shows Nikki getting the news of the death and later speaking at Agnes’ funeral. Nikki comments during a moment that she is now the oldest living person in her family.

Nikki’s outlook on life can be summed up in two of her speaking appearances that are featured in the documentary. In a Q&A at the Apollo Theater with educator/actress Johnetta Cole, Nikki says: “I honestly think the most important word for me is ‘duty.’ … Our people have a great history, and it’s our duty to tell that story.” At another speaking appearance at a library in front of children, Nikki (who has written several children’s books) says: “I’m very fortunate that I just don’t care what people think about me.”

HBO released “Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project” in select U.S. cinemas on November 3, 2023. HBO and Max will premiere the movie on January 8, 2024.

Review: ‘Donyale Luna: Supermodel,’ starring Dream Cazzaniga, Luigi Cazzaniga, Beverly Johnson, Omar K. Boone, Lillian Washington, David Bailey, Juan Fernandez and David Croland

September 13, 2023

by Carla Hay

Donyale Luna in “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” (Photo by Luigi Cazzaniga/HBO)

“Donyale Luna: Supermodel”

Directed by Nailah Jefferson

Culture Representation: The documentary film “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” features a group of white and black people (with one Latino) discussing the life and career of model Donyale Luna, who broke barriers for black female models in the fashion industry.

Culture Clash: After being bullied through her teenage years in her hometown of Detroit, because of her unusual physical appearance, Luna reinvented herself and quickly became an international supermodel, but she experienced career-damaging racism and had ongoing personal problems, such drug abuse, mental health issues, and a career that burned out almost as quickly as it lit up.

Culture Audience: “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” will appeal primarily to people who are interested in biographies of unusual and underrated celebrities; the fashion industry in the mid-1960s to mid-1970s; and people who broke racial barriers in their industries.

Donyale Luna in “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” (Photo by Luigi Cazzaniga/HBO)

When people think of the first black woman to be on the cover of Vogue, they might think that supermodel Beverly Johnson holds that distinction. Johnson was actually the first black woman to be on the cover of American Vogue, in 1974. The first black woman to be on the cover of any Vogue was Donyale Luna, who achieved this milestone by gracing the cover of British Vogue, in 1966. Luna (whose first name was pronounced “dawn-yell”) was also the first black woman to be on the cover of Harper’s Bazaar, in 1965, but as an illustration, not in a photograph.

If you’ve never heard of Luna, you’re not alone. The documentary “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” shines a deserving spotlight on this often-overlooked model, who died of a heroin overdose in 1979, at the age of 33. Johnson, whose modeling career benefited from Luna’s racial breakthroughs, is interviewed in the documentary. Johnson admits that early on in Johnson’s career, she had never heard of Luna.

Directed by Nailah Jefferson, “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” (which had its world premiere at the 2023 American Black Film Festival) follows a traditional celebrity documentary format of having a mixture of archival footage and interviews that are exclusive to the documentary. However, Luna is such an unusual subject, and there’s such a great variety of people who are interviewed, the movie doesn’t ever feel too formulaic. It’s a riveting and well-rounded biography about a trailblazing model who never became a household name but whose impact and influence resonate for generations after her untimely passing. This documentary also explores generational trauma and pop culture.

“Donyale Luna” is artfully told in five chapters named after the cities that each defined a certain era in Luna’s life. Chapter One begins in Detroit, followed by Chapter Two in New York City, Chapter Three in London, Chapter Four in Paris, and Chapter Five in Rome. Detroit is where Peggy Ann Freeman (Luna’s real name) was born in August 31, 1945, as the middle of three sisters. She lived in Detroit through her teenage years. Her favorite movie was “West Side Sory.” Much of her childhood was scarred by bullying that she got from her some of peers because she was very tall (reportedly growing to 6’2″), slender and had big eyes. She was often called “ugly” by people who thought she didn’t fit their standard of beauty.

Adding to her unhappiness, her strict parents had a volatile on-again/off-again marriage that ended in a tragedy that won’t be described in this review, so as not reveal too much information that’s in the documentary. There’s a lot about Luna in the documentary that viewers will be finding out for the first time. There are some people interviewed in the documentary who break down in tears when talking about her, so viewers should not be surprised if they get emotional too when they watch this documentary.

Several of Luna’s family members are interviewed, including Luna’s younger sister, Lillian Washington, who says that her parents had a “history of domestic violence.” Her father Nathaniel Freeman (a longtime Ford Motor Company employee) physically abused their mother Peggy Freeman (a longtime YWCA employee), according Luna’s Detroit childhood friend Omar K. Boone, who’s interviewed in the documentary. Boone also says that when he knew Luna in her teen years, she was “unsophisticated” but a “quick learner.”

Washington and many others in “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” describe Luna as having an other-worldly beauty that would make people stop what they were doing and stare at her if she was in their presence. People who knew her best also describe her inner beauty of radiating kindness and love. However, Luna also had lifelong insecurities about the way she looked and about being accepted by other people. Several people in the documentary say that Luna habitually made up stories about herself and sought to escape in fantasy worlds that she fabricated.

The combination of these insecurities and the bullying she got as a child led her to invent the Donyale Luna persona for herself when she was a teenager. She started speaking in a European accent and pretended to be multiracial, even though she and her parents were African American. The documentary’s archival footage of her from the late 1960s shows that Luna wore piercing blue contact lenses that didn’t look like human eyes. It’s mentioned that Luna’s father disapproved of this invented persona because he felt that she was denying her African American heritage.

Washington says of Luna’s childhood and teenage years: “All the black guys thought she was crazy. They called her ‘skinny’ and ‘bony.’ They called her Olive Oyl. They hurt her to her core. I think that encouraged her to create her own persona.” Josephine Armstrong, Luna’s older sister, confirms about Luna: “She would pretend and tell stories.”

Luna’s life would change when she was discovered in Detroit by photographer David McCabe, who urged her to go to New York City (where he was based) to become a fashion model. McCabe, who is one of the people interviewed in the documentary, believes that Luna lied about her racial identity (at various times, she claimed that she was part-white, part-Latino, part Asian and/or part-Native American) because she probably felt that if people knew she was fully African American, she would experience more racism. It’s also mentioned in the documentary that Luna often talked about wishing that she had blonde hair and blue eyes.

Armed with her invented persona, Luna took McCabe’s advice and moved to New York City, in 1964. Within a few months of living in New York City, Luna was featured in the pages of major fashion magazines such as Harper’s Bazaar. She also began hobnobbing with artsy and avant-garde types. For example, McCabe says that he introduced Luna to Andy Warhol. Luna is described as someone who kept in touch with family members but also publicly denied or lied about many things about her family. The documentary mentions that she showed no interest in going back to the United States to visit her biological family after she moved to Europe.

Luna soon branched out into acting in some films, mostly supporting roles in middling movies, such as 1966’s “Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?” and 1969’s “Fellini Satyricon.” Her filmography as an actress was not extensive. According to the Internet Movie Database, Luna had credited roles as an actress in only five feature films from 1965 to 1972, with 1972’s “Salome” being the only movie where she had a starring role. She appeared as herself in several other movies.

Although she was in the public eye, Luna kept many things about herself very private and was able to fool a lot of people with her lies about her background. “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” does not mention that while she was living in New York in the mid-1960s, she was married for less than a year to an unknown actor. Very little is known about this 10-month marriage except that it ended in divorce, and Luna refused to publicly talk about this ex-husband. It says a lot about the times that she lived in, long before the Internet existed, that she was able to keep up her charade of pretending to be an exotic, multiracial European and hide many facts about her personal life.

One of her closest friends during this time was David Croland, an artist who freely admits that heavy drug use was part of their friendship and lifestyles. In the documentary, Croland says that he and Luna would regularly use marijuana, hashish and LSD. Other people in the documentary also talk about Luna’s drug abuse, which they believe was part of her need to mentally escape from her problems and try to avoid her insecurities. Family members and friends say that Luna often used drugs but was never addicted. However, it’s hard to know if that’s true, or if it’s denial from loved ones who don’t want to publicly admit that Luna could have been a drug addict.

Even with her very quick success in the fashion industry, Luna still experienced many racial barriers as a black model in the mid-1960s. It was one thing to be in some fashion spreads. It was another thing to get on the cover of major magazines or get lucrative endorsement deals, which at the time were still privileges given only to white models. The documentary mentions that Luna eventually became disillusioned with the racism she experienced in the United States. The U.S. civil rights movement was going on at the same time, but she didn’t get involved in this movement or any political activism.

Luna’s career skyrocketed after she moved to London in December 1965. She would later live in Paris and then Rome. She was living in an isolated part of Italy and was in semi-retirement at the time of her death. During her years in London, she continued to hang out with the rich and famous and dated some celebrities, including Rolling Stones lead guitarist Brian Jones and actor Klaus Kinski. Luna can be seen as an assistant to a fire eater in the music variety film “The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus,” which was filmed in 1968, but wasn’t released until 1996.

Two very famous photographers are mentioned in the documentary as having the most influence on Luna’s supermodel career: Richard Avedon (an American who died in 2004, at the age of 81) and David Bailey, a Brit who is interviewed in the documentary. Bailey says that he was vaguely aware of racism in the fashion industry, but he claims that he wasn’t one of the racists. Bailey comments about Luna: “I didn’t think about her being black. She was just someone who was beautiful.”

The general consensus is that Luna found greater acceptance in Europe than she did in the United States. However, that doesn’t mean that she never stopped experiencing racism. The documentary includes a heartbreaking account of racist decisions made by Diana Vreeland (American Vogue’s editor-in-chief from 1963 to 1971) that blocked Luna from getting major career opportunities. In the documentary, former supermodel Johnson begins to cry when she hears the details. “It’s an accumulation of all the pain,” Johnson says of her crying over the racism that she, Luna and many other black people have experienced.

Other emotionally touching segments in the documentary have to do with Luna’s only child: a daughter named Dream Cazzaniga, who was only 18 months old when Luna died. Cazzaniga, who was raised by her father’s parents in Italy, reads many of Luna’s journal entries in the documentary. Luna was a talented illustrator, and the documenatry includes some of her art. Cazzaniga also candidly shares her thoughts on her memories of her mother and how she felt growing up without her mother, whose death is a “taboo” subject for the Cazzaniga family.

Because “luna” means “moon” in Spanish and in Italian, Luna often told people she had a special connection to the moon. Near the beginning of the documentary, Cazzaniga can be heard in a voiceover saying, “Growing up in Italy, I remember seeing the moon. My nanny was telling me, ‘Oh, look, that’s your mom looking from the sky.’ I never doubted that whenever I was looking at the moon, I thought that was my blessing from her.”

Later in the documentary, Dream’s Italian father Luigi Cazzaniga, who was a photographer when he married Luna in 1976, is shown being interviewed and going with Dream to visit a few of the places where he and Luna made their lives in Italy. He describes Luna as someone who loved being a mother but she was feeling increasingly unhappy with living in a remote area where she had little or no contact with her friends she used to know as a model. Luigi’s family members, whom Dream describes as conservative and religious Catholics, rejected Luna and wouldn’t allow her inside their homes. Luigi had to frequently travel because of his photographer job, so Luna was often left home alone with Dream.

Former supermodel Pat Cleveland, whose career blossomed in the 1970s around the same time as Johnson’s career, tells a harrowing story in the documentary about how Luna seemed to be mentally unraveling over all the lies and the fake persona that Luna created for herself. Cleveland describes Luna as someone who was desperately lonely and literally begging for help in the last year of Luna’s life, when Luna confessed to Cleveland that she was really an American from Detroit. Cleveland says she felt powerles to help someone whom she didn’t know every well and who was already on a downward spiral. It’s not said out loud, but it’s implied that Luna was not getting any therapy or other professional help for her mental health issues when she was living in Italy.

Several people interviewed in the documentary give cultural and historical context to why Luna’s accomplishments in the fashion industry also came with racial burdens that might have been heavier in her lifetime but still exist for many people today. Constance White, an author and former editor-in-chief of Essence, comments on white Euro-centric standards of beauty that dominate in Western culture: “It’s something that Black women have a singular experience with.” White adds that these beauty standards often have this direct or indirect message for Black women: “Everything about you is wrong.”

Other interviewees in the documentary include fashion designer/activist Aurora James, Vogue editor-at-large Hamish Bowles, Duke University art history professor Dr. Richard J. Powell, talent agent Kyle Hagler, Richard Avedon’s former assistant Gideon Lewin and fashion designer Zandra Rhodes. Three of Luna’s close friends interviewed in the documentary are Sanders Bryant, a pal who knew her from high school; actor Juan Fernandez; who describes his relationship with Luna as being like a sibling relationship; and artist Livia Liverani, who says that Luna was frequently misunderstood.

“Donyale Luna: Supermodel” is certainly not the first documentary to be about someone who had troubles coping with fame and who eventually faded into near-obscurity. However, this documentary makes a clear case for people to learn more about Luna’s legacy—not just as a model in the fashion industry but also as a loved one who changed the lives of the people who were closest to her. Fame and money can be fleeting. The areas where Luna made the most impact cannot be measured by magazine covers or monetary amounts.

HBO premiered “Donyale Luna: Supermodel” on September 13, 2023.

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